CATDOLL : CATDOLL: What is chickenpox? Is it a virus or bacteria?

1. What is chickenpox? Is it a virus or a bacteria?

Basic methods of preventive health care

The key to preventing this disease is to manage the source of infection and isolate the patient until all symptoms and rashes have been cured. For highly susceptible people with a history of contact, varicella zoster immune globulin or high-titer zoster immune plasma can be injected within 3 days to reduce the risk of disease. The patient should be isolated until all rashes have crusted or 7 days after the rash appears. Contaminants and utensils can be disinfected by boiling or exposure to the sun. Susceptible people who have been in contact with chickenpox should be kept for examination for 3 weeks, and immunoglobulin (0.4-0.6 ml) can also be used early.

2. What are the symptoms of chickenpox?

Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by the primary infection with the varicella-zoster virus. It mainly occurs in infants and young children, and is characterized by fever and the appearance of mass systemic red maculopapular rashes, herpes, and scabs. [Etiology] The virus belongs to the family of Herpesviridae, is spherical, and has a diameter of 150 to 200 nm. The center is double-stranded DNA, and the outside is a 20-sided nucleocapsid. The surface of the capsid has a lipoprotein envelope, which contains complement binding antigens but does not contain hemagglutinin or hemolysin. This virus has only one serotype, which can reproduce in human embryonic fibroblasts and thyroid cells, causing focal cytopathic changes, with eosinophilic inclusions and multinucleated giant cells in the cell nucleus. Humans are the only host. VZV has weak vitality and is not resistant to high temperatures

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4. What are the early symptoms and prevention of chickenpox?

The incubation period of this disease is about 14 to 15 days. The onset is acute, with mild to moderate fever and rash. The rash first occurs on the scalp and the compressed parts of the trunk, and is distributed centripetally. During the 1 to 6 days of rash, the rash appears in batches. The skin lesions evolve from small red maculopapular rashes → pararash → symptomatic rashes → shedding of lesions, and no marks are left after shedding of lesions. The scab stage is painful and itchy, and if secondary infection occurs due to scratching, mild dents may be left. Weak people may have high fever, and about 4% of adults may develop disseminated varicella and varicella pneumonia.

Mostly seen in children aged 1-10 years, with an incubation period of 2-3 weeks. The onset is relatively acute, with prodromal symptoms such as fever, headache, and general fatigue. A rash appears within 24 hours of onset, and quickly turns into round, tense blisters the size of rice grains to peas, with obvious redness around them, and the center of the blisters is umbilical. After about 2-3 days, the blisters dry up and form scabs, which fall off and heal without leaving scars. The lesions are distributed centripetally, starting from the front face and then appearing on the trunk and limbs. The number is variable, with the trunk being the most common, followed by the face and head, the limbs being less common, and the palms and soles being even less common. Mucous membranes are also often invaded, and are seen in the oral cavity, pharynx, conjunctiva, vulva, anus, etc. Lesions often occur in batches, so papules, blisters, and scabs often exist at the same time, and the course of the disease lasts for 2-3 weeks. If the child has low resistance, the lesions can progressively spread throughout the body, forming disseminated varicella. The clinical manifestations of varicella include bullous varicella, hemorrhagic varicella, neonatal varicella, adult varicella, etc.

Need to be differentiated from smallpox: smallpox has severe systemic reactions, starting with a high fever of 39-40℃, followed by a rash after the fever subsides, with an obvious umbilicus in the center of the lesions, more lesions on the face, and sunken scars left after healing. Therefore, it should be distinguished from impetigo and papular urticaria.

The prevention of this disease focuses on managing the source of infection and isolating the patient until all symptoms and rashes are cured. For highly susceptible people with a history of contact, varicella zoster immune globulin or high-titer zoster immune plasma can be injected within 3 days to reduce the risk of disease.

Isolate the patient until all rashes have crusted or 7 days after the rash appears. Contaminants and utensils can be disinfected by boiling or sun exposure. Susceptible people who have been in contact with chickenpox should be kept for inspection for 3 weeks. They can also use immunoglobulin (0.4-0.6ml/kg) or 5ml of herpes zoster immunoglobulin at an early stage, which can significantly reduce the incidence of chickenpox and alleviate symptoms. The live varicella virus vaccine developed in recent years is effective for prevention in normal susceptible children.