CATDOLL : CATDOLL: Natural resource conditions

1. Geographical location and transportation

The study area is located in the eastern part of Shandong Province, protruding between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is bordered by the Bohai Sea to the north, the Yellow Sea to the north, southeast, Liaodong Peninsula to the north, Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands to the east and southeast, and Jiangsu Province to the south (Figure 21). The geographical coordinates span 118°30′～122°42′ east longitude and 35°00′～38°00′ north latitude. It is 364km wide from east to west and 368km long from north to south. The total area is 54,370km2, accounting for 33.77% of the total land area of ​​the province. It includes the densely populated areas of Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Weifang and Linyi, a total of 46 counties, cities (districts) and 1,198 towns. This area is the most economically developed area in Shandong Province and plays a pivotal role in the economic development of Shandong Province.

Figure 2-1 Traffic location map of the study area

The transportation in the district is convenient. A three-dimensional transportation network has been formed with railways and highways as the main body and sea and air transportation as auxiliary. The main railway trunk lines are Jiaoji, Lanyan, Jiaoxin Line, etc. A large number of expressways such as Qinglan (G22), Rongwu (G18), Shenhai (G15), Qingyin (G20), Weiqing (S68), Yanhai (S11), Rongwei (S16) have been completed and opened to traffic. Most of the national and provincial roads in the district have also been comprehensively renovated and upgraded, basically achieving the transportation construction goals of all towns and villages connected by roads and all villages in developed areas connected by roads. Sea transportation relies on key large ports such as Yantai Port and Qingdao Port, supplemented by a group of coastal ports with a number of small ports, building a transportation bridge connecting major ports in the country and important international ports. Air transportation is centered on Qingdao Liuting Airport and Yantai Laishan Airport, supplemented by Weihai Dashuibo Airport, Linyi Mubuling Airport, etc., forming an air transportation system, and shipping can directly reach major domestic cities and countries such as Japan and South Korea. The well-connected transportation network system has accelerated the urbanization process in the region and effectively guaranteed the sustained and rapid development of the economy and society.

2. Topography and Landforms

1. Topography

The terrain of this area is complex, with medium and low mountains and hills accounting for 65%, plains and basins accounting for 33%, and rivers and lakes accounting for 2%. The terrain is high in the east and low in the west, with uplifts on the north and south sides and a depression in the middle. The medium and low mountains are mainly distributed in the area west of the Yishu fault zone, with an altitude of less than 500m, and hilly basins are scattered in the mountains. The hills are mainly distributed in the area east of the Yishu fault zone. In terms of geological structure, they belong to the Shandong East Uplift and the Jiaonan-Weihai Orogenic Belt. The landform is divided into three parts, with hills in the north and south and plains in the middle. In the northern hilly area, individual peaks distributed east-west are 700-800m above sea level, and most of the hills are below 300m above sea level. They are cut by north-south rivers, showing the landform characteristics of wide valleys and gentle hills. In the southern hilly area, south of Jiaozhou Bay, except for Wulian Mountain, Xiaozhu Mountain, Maer Mountain, and Jiuxian Mountain, which are about 700m above sea level, most of the peaks below 500m above sea level are concentrated here. The east and west sides of the hills are cut by rivers with short sources and fast flows, and the terrain is fragmented. To the east of Jiaozhou Bay is the Laoshan Mountain, with steep mountains and strong river valley cutting. Laoding in Qingdao is 1,133m above sea level and is the highest peak in this area. A plain with the Jiaolai River basin as the main body has developed on the central depression basin, including river alluvial plains with thin sedimentary layers, lake sedimentary plains and denudation quasi-plains, connected to Laizhou Bay in the north and the Yellow Sea in the south, with an altitude of less than 50m.

The study area is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The mainland coastline starts from the mouth of Jiaolai River in the north and ends at the mouth of Xiuzhen River in Rizhao City in the south. It is about 2200km long, accounting for about 1/7 of the national coastline. It can be divided into three basic types: bedrock coast with alternating capes and bays, muddy silt coast and bedrock sandy coast. Among them, muddy and silty coasts are the most extensive; the shallow seabed has underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and sea erosion plains. The coastline is tortuous, with many harbors, vast tidal flats and fertile water. The coastal tidal flat area is about 2500km2, and the water area within the 15m isobath is about 13,300km2, which is a place for various aquatic organisms to reproduce and live. There are 299 islands scattered in the offshore waters, with a total coastline length of 668.6km and a total area of ​​147km2. The largest of them is Nanchangshan Island in the Miaodao Islands, with an area of ​​12km2. Most of these islands are no more than 20 km away from the mainland, and the farthest one, Beihuangcheng Island, is about 65 km away from the land.

2. Landform types

Landforms are the result of long-term weathering, erosion, movement and sedimentation of the surface of the earth's crust by geological endogenous forces, tectonic movements and exogenous forces. The dominant factors affecting landform formation are neotectonic movements, rock structures and the physical, chemical and biological effects of exogenous forces. According to the landform morphological types and genetic characteristics, the landforms in the survey area can be divided into six morphological combination types: medium mountains, low mountains, hills, intermountain plains, piedmont inclined plains and slightly inclined low plains (Figure 2-2).

1. Zhongshan

Zhongshan is distributed in Laoshan, Yishan and Kunyushan areas, accounting for about 1% of the survey area, with an altitude of more than 900m, a relative height of more than 500m, a ground slope of more than 25°, and strong terrain cutting, with a cutting depth of 100-200m. The mountain is mainly composed of alkali feldspar granite, syenite and ancient metamorphic rocks. The area has high mountains and deep valleys, most of which are covered with forests, and a small part of bedrock; there are also splendid ancient cultural relics. Laoshan is known as a famous mountain of Taoism and Buddhism, and Kunyu Mountain has always been known as the "ancestor of immortal mountains" and is the birthplace of Quanzhen Taoism.

Figure 2-2 Distribution of landform types

2. Low Mountains

Low mountains account for 6% of the total area of ​​the study area, mainly distributed in Laoshan West, Daze Mountain, Dazhu Mountain, Xiaozhu Mountain, Wulian Mountain, Yantai Ya Mountain, Ai Mountain, with an altitude of 500-1000m, a relative height of 200-500m, a ground slope of 20°-25°, low and gentle mountains, wide valleys and shallow cutting, and a cutting depth of 50-100m. The mountain is mainly composed of monzonitic granite, granitic gneiss, quartz monzonite and dioritic gneiss. Although the low mountain area is small, it is still not well developed and is suitable for the development of forestry.

3. Hills

Hills are the main landform type in the study area, accounting for 35% of the area of ​​the study area. They are mainly distributed in the south of the Qingdao-Wulian fault zone, most areas of Yantai and Weihai. The terrain is undulating and the mountains are low and gentle. The parent rocks of soil formation are mainly granite, granite gneiss, sandstone, conglomerate, and a small amount of limestone. The altitude is 200-500m, the relative height is less than 200m, and the ground slope is generally below 20°. The hilly area is the distribution area of ​​mineral resources such as gold, silver, copper, iron, marble, and granite. Some hilly areas contain relatively rich groundwater. Areas with undulating hilly terrain are fragmented and difficult to maintain, which is generally not conducive to crop planting and is suitable for use as forest land. In hilly areas with gentle terrain and developed residual slope accumulation, organic matter elements such as N and P are obviously insufficient, but trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn are abundant, which are suitable for planting economic fruit trees such as apples, peaches, pears, chestnuts, apricots, peanuts and other specialty crops. In low-lying areas, the soil has been cultivated and a variety of dry crops such as potatoes, beans, tobacco, corn, wheat, etc. are planted.

4. Mountain plains

The intermountain plain is the most widely distributed landform type in the study area, accounting for 36% of the study area. It is distributed in the southern part of Juxian County, Weifang-Gaomi and the intermountain plains on both sides of the Wulong River, Dagujia River, Huanglei River, Rushan River and other river valleys. The altitude is less than 300m, the relative height is less than 100m, the ground slope is less than 8°, the denuded bedrock is mainly clastic rock, the surface has very thin deposits, and there are mostly 1-2m weathering residual deposits. The intermountain plains distributed in most areas of the Jiaolai Basin and the Dagu River, Yishu Fault Zone and the Dagu River, Wulong River and other river valleys are low-lying, generally below 50m above sea level, with thick soil layer, fertile soil, crisscrossing rivers and canals, and convenient irrigation. It is the main production area of ​​wheat, corn and beans.

5. Sloping plain in front of the mountain

It is mainly distributed in the Linqu-Changyi area, and is also scattered in Laizhou and the northern part of Zhaoyuan, accounting for 5% of the study area. It is composed of a series of alluvial fan groups in front of the mountains, with an altitude of less than 50m, a relative height of less than 20m, and a ground slope of less than 5°. The terrain is low-lying, the groundwater is shallow, and the soil salinization is serious due to the influence of water accumulation in the depression during the flood season.

6. Slightly sloping low plain

Generally, it is distributed in the coastal area in a strip shape, accounting for 17% of the study area. According to the different types of genesis, it is further divided into three secondary geomorphic units: erosion-marine plain, alluvial-marine plain and marine plain. The erosion-marine plain is mainly distributed between the hills and the marine plain in the southern and eastern coastal areas. It is a transition zone between hills and marine plains. The elevation is generally less than 10m. It is mainly composed of accumulation and aeolian sand layers. The ecological environment is fragile and it is suitable for building coastal shelterbelts. The alluvial-marine plain is distributed in the coastal area of ​​Rizhao and the northern part of Changyi in a strip shape. It is a transition zone between alluvial-flood plain and marine plain. The stratigraphic structure is marine-continental alternation. The elevation is generally less than 10m. It is mainly composed of marine and aeolian sand layers, and the growth of crops is restricted. The marine plains are distributed along the coast, with flat terrain and a ground elevation below 6m. The main micro-topography forms are coastal lowlands and intertidal zones, which are generally salinized or swamped. Some of them have been reclaimed for seafood farming or salt fields have been built. In the long run, it is a landform type to be developed and utilized in the study area.

3. Climate and Hydrological Resources

1. Climate resources

The study area is located on the eastern coast of my country. Affected by its geographical location, topography and atmospheric environment, it has a typical warm temperate continental monsoon climate. The study area extends into the sea and has the characteristics of an oceanic climate: humid air, moderate rainfall, suitable temperature, no extreme heat in summer and no severe cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 11-14℃, the average temperature in January is -4.5--1.0℃, and the temperature in July is mostly above 24℃. There is drought in spring and flood in autumn, and it rains a lot in late autumn. The annual average precipitation is 650-800mm, which decreases from east to west, and summer accounts for 60%-70% of the annual precipitation. The frost-free period throughout the year is 180-190 days. The monsoon is dominated by southeast winds, with an annual average wind speed of 3.5-5.3m/s. There is fog along the coast, with an average of 160 days of foggy weather per year, mainly concentrated in March-July, with occasional cold waves, heavy rains, typhoons and other disastrous weather. The study area is rich in agricultural climate resources, with good combinations of light, heat and water, large differences in climate zonality and diverse microclimate types. It has multi-suitability, multi-harvest, multi-layer and multi-type characteristics for agricultural development, thus providing favorable climatic conditions for the province's agricultural structure adjustment.

2. Water resources

1. Groundwater resources

Based on geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions, combined with groundwater exploitation and utilization and agricultural-related hydrogeological issues, the hydrogeological zoning of the study area can be divided into four types.

1) Pore water in loose rocks: mainly distributed in intermountain alluvial-diluvial plains, piedmont alluvial-diluvial plains and coastal plains. The aquifer lithology is mainly Quaternary river phase, gravel, gravel and pebbles, sand, with a multi-layer structure and a total thickness of generally less than 50m. The hydrochemical types of groundwater are generally bicarbonate-calcium, magnesium water, and bicarbonate-calcium water, with a pH of 6.5-8.5 and a mineralization of generally less than 2500mg/L. The main problems in the area are local over-exploitation of pressurized freshwater, waterlogging in agricultural production and local water shortage.

2) Bedrock fissure water: mainly distributed in low mountain and hilly areas, it can be subdivided into layered rock fissure water and massive rock fissure water according to its groundwater storage conditions, stratum lithology and structure. The lithology of layered rock fissure water aquifers is mainly slate, phyllite, quartz sandstone, siliceous rock, shale, etc. The groundwater is mainly stored in weathering fracture zones and tectonic fault zones, and its water richness is generally medium to poor. The water chemistry types are mostly calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonate, with a pH of 6.4-8.4 and a mineralization of 150-500 mg/L. The lithology of massive rock fissure water aquifers is mainly granite and monzonitic granite, etc. The groundwater is stored in weathering fissures and fault structures. Its water richness is generally poor. The water chemistry types are mostly sodium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, and sodium magnesium bicarbonate. The pH is 5.5-7.7, and the mineralization is generally 50-1000 mg/L.

3) Carbonate rock fissure karst water: mainly distributed in the Anqiu-Juxian area. The aquifer lithology is mainly Cambrian, Ordovician limestone and dolomite. Groundwater is mainly stored in karst fissures, and its water richness is generally moderate to abundant. The water chemistry type is calcium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, the pH is 7.2-8.2, and the mineralization is generally 200-1000 mg/L.

4) Clastic rock fissure pore water: mainly distributed in the Yishu fault zone and the southern piedmont area of ​​the study area. The aquifer lithology is mainly Cretaceous and Jurassic purple-red and brick-red sandstone and conglomerate. Groundwater is mainly stored in fissures and pores, and its water-richness is generally poor. It is slightly stronger in some areas due to geological tectonic effects. The water chemistry type is mostly calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, with a pH of 6.9-8.3 and a mineralization of 200-1500 mg/L.

The groundwater in the area is mainly replenished by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and irrigation water, and the discharge is mainly artificial mining and spring water discharge. The occurrence and migration of groundwater are mainly controlled by topography, stratum lithology and structure.

2. Surface water system and water resources

There are many rivers in the study area, and the river network is well developed. The average river network density in the whole area is about 0.47km/km2. There are about 2,000 rivers of various sizes in the whole area, and there are 7 rivers with a length of 100 to 500km. All of them are rain-sourced in the monsoon area, and most of them are mountain streams that flow into the sea independently. Runoff resources are scarce and unevenly distributed. The per capita runoff is about 370m3, which is 13.7% and 3.36% of the national and world per capita runoff respectively. The runoff of the Yishu River Basin can reach 10.9L/s, and a few rivers are only 3.25L/s. According to the water system, it is divided into the Yishu River system, the Jiaolai River system and the coastal river systems.

3. Current status and countermeasures of water resource exploitation and utilization

The study area is dotted with reservoirs, ponds and other water storage facilities, and irrigation projects supporting water conservancy projects have also begun to take shape. Surface water has been fully and reasonably developed and utilized, and groundwater resources have also been widely developed and utilized. In recent years, due to the continuous development of industrial and agricultural production, especially in Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai, which are located in the coastal areas, the demand for water resources will continue to increase, and the contradiction between water supply and demand has become increasingly prominent. In the future, the development of surface water and groundwater should be managed in a unified manner, and rational development should be carried out with emphasis on increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, conserving water resources, and protecting precious and limited water resources for future generations. With the implementation of the Yellow River to Jiqing and West-East Water Diversion Projects in my country, cross-basin water diversion and replenishment has become a fact, which will play an important role in alleviating the contradiction between water supply and demand in this area.

IV. Land Resources

1. Agricultural layout and development status

There are many kinds of agricultural product resources in the study area. First, there are many kinds of resources. There are more than 100 families and more than 1,000 species of plant resources alone, including more than 20 families and more than 40 species of crops. The main food crops are wheat, corn, sweet potatoes, soybeans, millet, sorghum, small grains, etc.; the main economic crops are peanuts, cotton, yellow tobacco, sesame, etc.; the main vegetables are peppers, ginger, garlic, taro, green onions, etc.; the main dried and fresh fruits are apples, grapes, peaches, hawthorns, dates, chestnuts, persimmons, cherries, strawberries, etc. In terms of animal resources, the main terrestrial animals are broilers, laying hens, beef cattle, pigs, sheep, rabbits, etc. This area has many harbors, vast tidal flats, fertile soil, rich bait, and a variety of aquatic organisms live and reproduce, such as bream, yellow croaker, sea bass, abalone, oysters, village fish and shrimp, scallops, sea cucumbers, crabs, conchs, etc. Second, the total volume is large. In 2009, the total grain output reached 13.485 million tons, vegetables 19.925 million tons, and fruits 7.091 million tons, all of which have increased to varying degrees compared with 2006. Third, there are many famous, special and high-quality products, with many local famous, special and high-quality products being the most famous, such as Yantai apples, Laiyang pears, Dazeshan grapes, Rizhao tea, etc., all of which have a high degree of international fame and have certain commodity advantages.

The types, areas and yields of regional dominant crops in the six prefecture-level cities in the region are shown in Table 2-1. As can be seen from Table 2-1, grain crops are the crops with the largest area, the widest distribution and the highest output value in the agricultural planting in the survey area, mainly wheat and corn, followed by peanuts. The types, planting areas and yields of crops in different regions are different. The per-acre yield of wheat in Weifang City is the highest at 398.13 kg/mu, and the remaining Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, and Linyi are 385.09, 348.64, 342.94, 338.99, and 304.89 kg/mu respectively; the per-acre yield of corn in Yantai City is the highest at 475.77 kg/mu, and the remaining Rizhao, Qingdao, Weihai, Weifang, and Linyi are 447, 439.77, 436.11, 407.01, and 405.69 kg/mu respectively; Yantai City has the largest apple planting area (2.0052 million mu), which is 5 to 11 times that of other prefecture-level cities.

Table 2-1 Statistics of crop planting area and yield in different regions of the study area

Continued

2. Current status of land resource utilization

The total land area of ​​the study area is 54,370 km2, but the per capita land area is only 0.181 hm2, slightly higher than the provincial average (0.17 hm2/person), lower than 1/4 of the national average (0.78 hm2), and far lower than the world average (2.24 hm2/person). The land resources are insufficient. The regional differences in per capita land ownership and the uneven distribution of various types of land are the main characteristics of the current land use status in this area.

The land use types in the region are complete, and can be divided into 8 primary land types and 23 secondary land types. Based on the primary type, the current land use status of the six prefecture-level cities is shown in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 Land use status

Cultivated land and forest land are the two main types of land use in the eastern Shandong region, accounting for 80.43% and 9.09% of the total land area of ​​the six prefecture-level cities, respectively. Cultivated land is mainly distributed in the alluvial plains of rivers, piedmont plains and vast low hilly areas. The survey area has a large population and little land, with a total cultivated land area of ​​83.2923 million hm2, and an average cultivated land area of ​​1.24 hm2 per capita, slightly higher than the average cultivated land area per capita in Shandong (1.21 hm2, 2010), and lower than the national average of 1.38 hm2. The average cultivated land area per capita in Linyi City (0.98 hm2) is close to or lower than the 0.8 hm2 warning line determined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the contradiction between land supply and demand is becoming increasingly acute. Forest land is mainly distributed in Yantai, Haiyang-Weihai, northern Pingdu, Laoshan, Qingdao and Wulian in low mountainous areas, high hilly areas and river floodplain areas. It is mainly natural forests. The coastal areas are mainly artificial seawall windbreaks. There are also small nurseries in the hilly areas, mainly cultivating ginkgo, poplar, willow, etc. Residential land and industrial and mining land ranked third, accounting for 2.76%. The study area has a large population density, many villages, and large towns. In addition, various mines such as gold, iron, and graphite located in low mountain and hilly areas also occupy a large amount of land. Garden land ranks fourth, accounting for 2.50%, mainly distributed in Yantai, northern Pingdu, southern Linqu and low hilly slopes in Laoshan, Qingdao and alluvial plains in the middle and upper reaches of rivers. It is mainly orchards, planting apples, pears, peaches, grapes, cherries, hawthorns, etc. The remaining four types of land, including transportation construction land, grassland and water areas, and unused land, only account for 5.22% of the total land area.

V. Mineral Resources

The region is rich in mineral resources. More than 89 kinds of minerals (including sub-species) have been discovered, accounting for about 60% of the discovered minerals in the province, including 6 energy minerals, 24 metal minerals, 57 non-metallic minerals, and 2 water and gas minerals. More than 70 minerals have been proven reserves (resources), accounting for 86% of the proven reserves of minerals in the province. There are 947 large, medium and small mineral deposits and mining sites, including 25 energy minerals, 479 metal minerals, 400 non-metallic minerals, and 43 water and gas minerals. Most of these minerals have been mined or are being developed. Major energy minerals: coal, oil shale, petroleum, geothermal; ferrous metals: iron, manganese, titanium (rutile); non-ferrous metals: copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, magnesium; precious metals: gold, silver; rare metals: rare earth, beryllium, niobium, thorium uranium, antimony; metallurgical auxiliary raw materials: quartz sandstone, fluorite, foundry sand, flux dolomite; chemical raw material minerals: phosphorus, pyrite, barite, andalusite, silica, serpentine, potassium-containing rock, natural brine Water; building materials and other non-metallic minerals: graphite, talc, cement limestone, cement marble, cement clay, brick clay, bentonite, potassium feldspar, diopside, facing granite, facing marble, bentonite, kaolin, natural brine, zeolite, perlite, obsidian, vermiculite, mica, medical stone, Iceland spar; arts and crafts minerals: inkstone stone, crystal, sapphire, wooden fish stone; water and gas minerals: drinking mineral water, geothermal hot springs, etc.

The proven reserves of the advantageous minerals are among the highest in the country: the reserves of rock gold, sapphire and zircon rank first in the country, the reserves of magnesite rank second in the country, aluminum ranks fourth in the country, and talc ranks fifth in the country. The deposits are of various genesis types, mainly magmatic hydrothermal type, volcanic rock type, contact metasomatic (skarn) type, hydrothermal (filling, metasomatic) type, metamorphic type, sedimentary type, pegmatite type, etc. The mineralization eras are mainly Precambrian, Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan.