CATDOLL : CATDOLL: Are ciliates natural enemies? Do ciliates adapt to temperature?

1. Natural enemy of ciliates?

The natural enemies of ciliates are formaldehyde solution and copper sulfate solution. Ciliates are single-cell organisms that harm aquatic products. They will attach to shrimps, affecting their breathing and movement, and eventually suffocate them to death. During the breeding process, attention should be paid to the stocking density, keeping the water clean, and frequently washing frozen shrimps with salt water or washing them with formalin for treatment.

2. How do ciliates adapt to temperature?

Temperature is an important environmental factor for the growth and reproduction of ciliates. Different types of ciliates survive at different temperatures, which can be generally divided into three types: low-temperature type, medium-temperature type and high-temperature type. Those that survive at 14-17℃ are the low-temperature type in early summer, those that survive at 19-26℃ and 21-27℃ are the medium-temperature type in early autumn, and those that survive at 29-30℃ are the high-temperature type in midsummer. Therefore, ciliates are harmful throughout the entire growth period.

3. Introduction of ciliates?

Ciliates belong to the phylum Ciliophora. Most ciliates have cilia at all stages of their life cycle and use cilia as organelles for movement.

The cilia on the surface of the insect body swing rhythmically and sequentially, forming a wave-like motion. In addition, the cilia are slightly tilted in arrangement, thus pushing the insect body forward in a spiral rotation.

The worm body can also change the direction of movement by swinging the cilia in the opposite direction, moving backward, etc. There is an obvious cell mouth near the front end of the worm body, connected to the cytoplasm below, and a smaller cell anus at the rear end.

Most ciliates are free-living, while a few can parasitize the digestive tracts of invertebrates and vertebrates. The only ciliate of medical relevance is Balantidium coli.

4. How many types of ciliates are there?

There are about 8,000 species of ciliates.

Ciliates belong to the phylum Ciliates. Most ciliates have cilia at all stages of their life cycle, and use cilia as organelles for movement. Cilia swing rhythmically and sequentially on the surface of the insect body, forming a wave-like motion. In addition, the arrangement of cilia is slightly tilted, thus pushing the insect body to move forward in a spiral rotation. The insect body can also change the direction of movement and move backward by relying on the reverse swing of cilia. There is a distinct cell mouth near the front end of the insect body, connected to the cytoplasm below, and a smaller cell anus at the rear end. Most ciliates live autonomously, and a few can parasitize in the digestive tract of invertebrates and vertebrates. The only ciliate related to medicine is the colonic bag ciliate.

5. How to deal with ciliates?

1. Ciliates are a shrimp disease. You can use tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt complex iodine to spray the entire shrimp pond for treatment, and change the water frequently to keep the water in the shrimp pond fresh.

2. In addition, the prevention and control method: thoroughly clean the pond and kill the pathogens in the pond, which has a certain preventive effect on the disease. Soak the fish in 3% to 5% salt water for 3-5 days as a course of treatment.

6. What are the main agricultural diseases?

The impact of pests and land pollution on crops (such as various pathogens that are infectious to crops)

7. What are the common diseases of cucumber?

Fungal diseases

Cucumber fungal diseases have a high incidence rate and cause serious damage. After the disease occurs, cucumber plants will show symptoms such as tissue necrosis and rot. They mainly include the following diseases.

① Cataplexy

It is caused by infection by Pythium deltaense, which usually occurs in the seedling stage and is prone to occur when the temperature is low and the soil humidity is high. It can cause seed rot, bud rot, and severe damage to the roots and stems of the seedlings, resulting in sudden wilting.

②Root rot

It is caused by infection by Phytophthora melonensis, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani, and can occur in both the cucumber seedling and adult stages. It can cause the cucumber roots and stems to turn light brown and rot, thus hindering the normal growth of the cucumber.

③ Downy mildew

It is caused by infection with Pseudocona cubaniensis, which can occur at any stage of the cucumber's growth period. It mainly harms cucumber leaves, causing irregular yellow spots to appear and gradually dry up. When the humidity is high, a black mold layer will form on the spots. In severe cases, all the spots will be connected and the entire leaf will wither, commonly known as "running dry".

④ Powdery mildew

The pathogens are Erysiphe bisporus and Sphaerotheca spp. It can occur from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage, but it is more likely to be infected in the late growth stage or when the plant is weak. The disease mainly harms the cucumber leaves, causing yellowing and tissue senescence, but this symptom also appears on the stems and fruits.

⑤Fusarium wilt

The disease is caused by the cucumber-specific form of Fusarium oxysporum, and can occur from the cucumber seedling stage to the fruiting stage. Under high temperature conditions, the seedlings will fall over in the early stages of the disease, and the temperature will drop in the evening and return to normal. If the disease worsens, the seedlings will completely wither and wilt, and the stems will rot and fall off suddenly.

Bacterial diseases

The greenhouse cucumber planting environment is relatively closed, and the high internal temperature provides suitable conditions for bacterial diseases to occur, mainly harming the leaves, easily leading to cucumber tissue necrosis, rot and even bacterial pus. The main diseases include the following.

① Bacterial blight

It is easy to occur in low temperature and high humidity environment, and the disease is caused by direct invasion through the stomata and wounds on the leaf margins, mainly harming leaves, fruits and stems. Leaves are most susceptible to the disease, first producing irregular brown water-soaked spots and then developing into brown spot-like lesions, which may eventually spread to the middle of the leaves to form large water-soaked lesions, causing the leaves to die due to blocked nutrient absorption.

② Bacterial angular spot disease

It is easy to occur under low temperature and high humidity conditions. Water droplets on the top gather and fall down, which can spread repeatedly and infect leaves, fruits, and stems. In the early stage of infection, a light brown polygonal water-soaked spot will appear on the front of the leaves. After that, the spot area gradually increases and becomes grayish white, and falls off to form holes. The pathogen invades the fruit, which may cause the fruit to dry and rot at the mildest, or spread to the inside of the fruit and cause the seeds to be infected.

③ Bacterial leaf blight

The disease is more serious when the temperature is high and the humidity is high. It spreads by infecting the stomata and wounds of the leaves, and mainly occurs in the lower and middle functional leaves of the cucumber plants. In the early stage of infection, water-soaked spots appear on the back of the leaves and the edges of the leaves begin to fade. As the disease worsens, the color of the spots gradually turns brown, and eventually the leaves dry up and die.

④ Bacterial round spot disease

It is a high temperature and high humidity disease that infects the stomata or wounds of leaves. The difference from leaf blight is that after infecting cucumber leaves, the lesions first turn yellow and then become transparent and thin, and the pus is not obvious when the humidity is high.

Viral diseases

Cucumbers are widely planted and grown in many varieties, making them hosts to many plant viruses. Viruses mutate quickly and infect host plants in different ways, causing yield reduction or even death of the entire plant. The main melon viral diseases that infect cucumbers in my country are as follows.

① Cucurbit chlorosis virus

The disease is spread rapidly between host plants in a semi-persistent manner by whiteflies, causing cucumber leaves to turn green and yellow except for the veins, and the plants to shrink slightly, starting from the bottom and gradually developing upwards, with new leaves showing no symptoms.

② Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by aphids, and can also be transmitted mechanically through leaf contact or human activities.

It can cause systemic damage to plants, manifested as: ring-shaped chlorotic spots on leaves, local deformity and necrosis, fruit deformity, stiff and bitter taste, reduced cucumber yield and decreased commercial value.

③ Cucumber mosaic virus can overwinter on perennial host plants and infect different host plants in the following year. It is transmitted through aphids through non-persistent transmission routes or mechanical friction.

It mainly infects cucumber leaves. The infected cotyledons will gradually wither or turn yellow. The young leaves will be small mosaics of dark green and light green and wrinkled and thickened. In severe cases, they will curl in reverse. The stem nodes will be deformed, elongated or shortened to varying degrees, and may wither along with the leaves. The fruits will have green spots and different degrees of protrusions on the surface.

④ Cucumber green spot mosaic virus is mainly transmitted through seeds, soil and branches and leaves of other strains. It is divided into two types: common green spot mosaic disease and yellow spot mosaic disease.

In the early stage of infection, the cotyledons are mottled with light green and dark green. The diseased areas suddenly swell and form tumors. In severe cases, the leaves of the plant will twist and shrink, causing the entire plant to become dwarfed. The fruits will also develop tumors and become deformed, resulting in reduced yield and a worse taste.

2 Integrated prevention and control of cucumber diseases

To solve the problem of cucumber diseases in actual production, prevention should be carried out first and then control should be carried out, and comprehensive prevention and control measures should be used to avoid the occurrence of diseases. Only by clarifying the causes of the diseases and accurately identifying the symptoms of the diseases can we prescribe the right medicine and control the diseases.

Agricultural control

Before planting, try to select disease-resistant and high-yield varieties and cultivate non-toxic seedlings. When planting, it is best to choose a high, sunny, and well-drained plot; during planting, weeds around the crops should be cleared in time, and the greenhouse should be cleaned to reduce the source of disease; organic fertilizer should be applied appropriately. The theoretical maximum yield of cucumber is 23.56 t/h㎡ of organic fertilizer, which should be fully mixed with the topsoil of about 20 cm thickness; control the planting distance to ensure a reasonable planting density of cucumbers, the spacing between plants can be maintained at about 25 cm, and the row spacing at about 50 cm; rotate with non-cucurbit crops to effectively reduce the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil and reduce the probability of disease.

8. What are ciliates most afraid of?

Most afraid of formaldehyde solution and copper sulfate solution.

Ciliates will attach to the shrimp, affecting their breathing and movement, and eventually causing them to suffocate and die. During the breeding process, attention should be paid to the stocking density, keeping the water clean, and frequently washing the frozen shrimp with salt water or using formalin for treatment.

9. Do ciliates consume oxygen?

It is an aerobic organism and needs oxygen to survive, so it consumes a lot of oxygen.

Ciliates, as the link between ultra-micro and small plankton, play a very important role in the carbon cycle of ponds. In artificial aquaculture, the biggest pollution is organic carbon. Ciliates convert insoluble organic carbon in ponds into water-soluble organic carbon through feeding, which enters the carbon cycle.

10. How to completely eradicate ciliates?

At present, there is no method to completely and thoroughly eradicate ciliates. Because ciliates have high vitality and resistance to adversity, they exist in water bodies for a very long time, and they can be spread through various channels, such as animals, sludge, sediments, etc. Therefore, in terms of controlling ciliates, physical, chemical and biological methods are mainly used to reduce their number and degree of harm. For example, some physical methods, such as filtration and ultraviolet disinfection, can be used to remove ciliates and their eggs; chemical methods can use chlorine, ozone and other chemicals to kill ciliates; biological methods can use some microorganisms or other aquatic organisms that act as natural enemies, such as magpie snails, crucian carp, etc., to control and eliminate the number of ciliates. However, it still takes a certain amount of time and long-term continuous efforts to completely eradicate ciliates.