CATDOLL : CATDOLL: How to prevent and treat common diseases in farmed pheasants?

1. How to prevent and treat common diseases in farmed pheasants?

Pheasant, also known as pheasant, seven-color pheasant, mountain chicken, etc., is a rare and precious bird that is cultivated and trained by wild pheasants. It is used for meat, ornamental and medicinal purposes. Edible value: Pheasant meat is tender and delicious, with a strong game flavor. Its protein content is as high as 40%, which is 2.5 times that of ordinary chicken and pork. Its fat content is only 0.9%, which is 1/45 of pork, 1/10 of beef, and 1/15 of chicken. It basically does not contain cholesterol and is a high-protein, low-fat game food. Pheasant feathers are unique and can also be made into feather fans, feather paintings, toys and other crafts.

Now I will share with you the prevention and control methods of several common diseases of pheasants

1. Pheasant Newcastle disease: It is caused by paramyxovirus and can infect pheasants of all ages. Acute disease occurs suddenly, with drooling, difficulty breathing, open mouth breathing, and death soon; Chronic disease pheasants are listless, have loss of appetite, shrink their necks and lower their heads, droop their wings and tails, and are in a state of lethargy, with purple eye circles, diarrhea, yellow-green or dark green bloody feces, and body temperature rises to above 44°C. A large amount of mucus or gas accumulates in the crop, and a large amount of sour and smelly liquid flows out of the pheasant's mouth when it is lifted upside down. Neurological symptoms are often present in the late stage of the disease, and the mortality rate is as high as 90% to 100%. The lesions are bleeding of the glandular stomach mucosa, bleeding, necrosis, and ulcer formation in the small intestine. Prevention and control methods: adhere to prevention first, do a good job in vaccination, and pay attention to environmental disinfection and isolation. Pheasants are vaccinated for the first time at 7 to 10 days of age and for the second time at 25 to 30 days of age. Use the Newcastle disease II vaccine diluted 10 times and then drip into the nose or eyes (about 0.04 to 0.05 ml/bird). Pheasants are vaccinated with I vaccine once at about 60 days of age. Every autumn, all pheasants in the flock are generally vaccinated with industrial vaccine or oil emulsion inactivated vaccine once, regardless of size. After the pheasants become ill, they should be urgently disinfected, isolated in groups, and the entire flock should be urgently vaccinated with industrial or VI vaccines. At the same time, add appropriate amounts of Houttuynia cordata injection, Vc, Vk, virazole and other drugs to the drinking water and use them for 3 to 5 consecutive days to alleviate the epidemic.

2. Infectious bursal disease of pheasants: also known as bursal disease, caused by bursal virus, mainly harms pheasants from the late brooding stage to the rearing stage. Sick pheasants lose their appetite, are listless, and have yellow-white or white sticky feces. The lesion is an enlarged cyst of Fabricius, 2 to 3 times larger than normal, with a large amount of yellow transparent liquid inside. Yellow cheesy contents are seen in patients with a long course of illness. Due to dehydration, weight loss, dark chest muscle color, skeletal muscle, the junction of gizzard and glandular stomach, and cecum tonsil bleeding, severe cases of kidney enlargement and urate deposition. It can occur all year round, with a peak of death 4 to 5 days after onset, and the epidemic tends to stabilize 7 to 8 days later. The same pheasant group may recur and fall ill multiple times. Prevention and control methods: timely vaccination, selection of appropriate immunization procedures and immunization methods. Since it is difficult to identify this virus strain, attenuated or multivalent vaccines should be used, with the first vaccination at about 10 days of age and the second vaccination at about 28 days of age. When immunizing with drinking water, 0.2% skim milk powder should be added to the drinking water to stabilize the activity of the vaccine. On the basis of the last two immunizations, the breeder pheasants should be vaccinated with an oil-emulsion inactivated vaccine once a week before laying eggs, so that the chicks hatched from the breeding eggs can obtain higher maternal antibodies. In the early stage of the disease, disinfect the pheasant house with chickens, spray with 1:200 peracetic acid at 40 ml per cubic meter of space; inject IBD high-immunity egg yolk liquid, high-immunity serum, or IBD and ND double high-immunity egg yolk liquid for the whole flock, 1 ml per bird for general sick pheasants, and 1.5 ml per bird for seriously sick pheasants. Increase the nutrient concentration of the diet and add antibiotics appropriately (but do not add drugs that are toxic to the kidneys). Use ampicillin in drinking water for large flocks, 5000 units per bird per day; at the same time, feed Banlangen granules, 25 birds per bag. Add kidney swelling detoxification drugs and multivitamins, such as Vk, Vc, or 5% glucose (white sugar is also acceptable) and 0.1% salt to the drinking water. For small groups, use 1 tablet of Virus-Ling, 1 tablet of Dijunjing, and 2 tablets of Nangfukang. For adult pheasants, take 1 dose twice a day. For young pheasants, reduce the dose as appropriate. Take for 3 to 5 consecutive days.

3. Pheasant infectious bronchitis: An acute, highly contact-contagious respiratory disease caused by coronavirus. Pheasants of all ages can be infected, but young pheasants are the most seriously ill. Sick pheasants with respiratory symptoms suddenly appear in the pheasant group, quickly spreading to the entire group. Sick pheasants open their mouths to breathe, stretch their necks, sneeze, and make "whoosh" rales or coughs, which are particularly obvious at night. They are listless, eat less, have white loose feces, are weak, lethargic, and have drooping wings. Young pheasants have mucus in their noses, and the egg-laying rate of breeding pheasants drops sharply, producing soft-shelled eggs, deformed eggs, or rough-shelled eggs. Although the mortality rate of this disease is not high, it is easy to be complicated by other diseases and cause greater losses. The lesions show that the inner wall of the small bronchi near the lungs is blocked by light yellow cheese-like substances, there is a viscous transparent liquid in the lumen, lung congestion, and turbidity of the air sacs. At present, some strains can cause obvious kidney lesions, kidney enlargement, and urate deposition. Prevention and control measures: Do a good job of keeping warm and vaccinate regularly. The first vaccination is to use the H12 vaccine in drinking water or nasal drops within 7 days of age, and the second vaccination is after 3 weeks of age. The reserve breeding pheasants are vaccinated with the H52 vaccine at 8 to 10 weeks of age, and the breeding pheasants are immunized once again with the oil emulsion inactivated vaccine 2 weeks before laying. In the early stage of the kidney type, the use of oil emulsion inactivated vaccine combined with a certain amount of oral rehydration salts can significantly reduce the mortality rate and quickly control the epidemic. Add 0.5% of Zhiyuanjing or 0.25% of Shidefu to the drinking water of small groups for 3 to 5 days. Beilimycin, tylosin, avian asthma, doxycycline, etc. also have certain therapeutic effects.

2. How to deal with and prevent common diseases in parrots?

1. Respiratory diseases: The most common respiratory disease is cold, and the symptom is runny nose. If the bird catches a cold, move it indoors immediately and keep it warm, and it will recover soon. If the disease cannot be cured, dissolve borax in warm water and add 2-4% boric acid solution to wash around the nostrils, and feed it canary grass seeds to enhance its resistance. You can also drop a few drops of wine in the drinking water or feed it vitamin preparations to help it recover.

2. Digestive organ disease: diarrhea caused by eating unclean green fodder or drinking unhygienic water. Sick birds usually excrete white pulpy feces, and the feathers on the lower abdomen are stained. After the bird is infected with this disease, the main feed is only barnyard grass, and it is kept in a warm place. Each bird should be isolated in a cage to prevent infection. Add a few drops of red wine to the drinking water. For severe cases, medication can be used. Add 0.01% of sulfamethoxazole to the drinking water (add 1000 ml of water after grinding each tablet). Drink it for 3 consecutive days and it will be cured.

3. Parasitic diseases: There are many feather lice on the body of budgies, which must be eliminated. The method of eliminating lice can be to use animal elimination powder or apply it with a magic medicine pen. In addition, budgies are also harmed by blood-sucking worms. The nest box is often the base camp for blood-sucking worms. Every time the nest is hatched, the nest box should be immediately scalded with boiling water, and then the inside of the box should be coated with a water solution of BGP, a bird-safe insecticide, to keep it clean and dry to prevent parasites.

3. What are the common diseases in calves and their prevention and treatment measures?

Calf refers to cattle from birth to 6 months old. The quality of feeding and management during this period is directly related to its body structure and production performance when it grows up. Calves have experienced a huge physiological environment change from the mother's uterus environment to the external natural environment, from living on milk to living on plant feed, and from not ruminating to ruminating. Their organs are not yet fully developed, their immune mechanisms are not yet sound, their ability to adapt to adverse external environments is low, their resistance is relatively weak, and they are very susceptible to diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the feeding and management of calves, and do a good job in the prevention and treatment of calf diseases, so as to reduce the incidence of calves and improve the cure rate of diseases, increase the survival rate of calves, increase the number of cattle herds, and improve the quality of cattle herds.

(1) Faking death

Suspended death is a state in which the physiological functions of an animal (such as heartbeat, breathing, etc.) are extremely weak. From the outside, it seems to be dead, but there is still hope of survival if rescued in time. If not rescued in time, it will often die.

① Causes

The main causes of neonatal asphyxia are:

A. Prolonged labor: prolonged delivery or obstructed fetal expulsion during labor, weakened or stopped placental blood circulation, causing the fetus to breathe prematurely and inhale amniotic fluid, resulting in suffocation.

B. Before delivery, the mother animal is sick or overly fatigued, such as anemia or heavy bleeding, or suffers from some serious febrile disease or systemic disease, which causes fetal hypoxia and increased carbon dioxide levels, leading to premature breathing and suffocation.

②Preventive measures

Establish a delivery room duty system to ensure that the mother animal can deliver the baby and take care of the baby animal in time. When delivering the baby, special attention should be paid to timely assisting the delivery process of delayed delivery, fetal posterior delivery and late rupture of the fetal sac.

③Treatment methods

Immediately wipe the mucus and amniotic fluid in the calf's mouth and nose with cotton wool, first hold the calf upside down and pat the waist and chest several times, then rhythmically press the chest and abdomen to perform artificial respiration (you can also blow into a single nostril for artificial ventilation); at the same time, you can apply alcohol to the calf's nose to stimulate it to resume breathing, or use a sewing needle to pierce the calf's tail dorsal midline, from the tail tip point upward every 2 cm, for about 10 consecutive piercings to promote its awakening. If the degree of pseudo-death is serious, intramuscular injection of cardiotonic drugs such as anabolic steroids, sodium camphorsulfonate, nikethamide, and other drugs that excite the respiratory center should also be performed.

A. Immediate rescue First, wipe the amniotic fluid in the nostrils and mouth with a cloth. If you suspect that the animal has choked on amniotic fluid, you can lift the animal upside down to drain the water. To induce respiratory reflex, you can use straw to stimulate the nasal mucosa, or put cotton soaked in ammonia on the nostrils, or pour cold water on the animal. If there is still no breathing, perform artificial respiration. You can lift the animal's hind legs and shake it, and gently press the chest and abdomen rhythmically to induce breathing and promote the discharge of mucus in the respiratory tract.

B. Use drugs that stimulate the respiratory center, such as nikethamide or anabolic amine 1-2 ml intramuscular injection.

C. To improve resistance and correct acidosis, 300-500 ml of 10% glucose and 50-100 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate can be injected intravenously. To prevent secondary pneumonia, antibiotics can be injected intramuscularly.

(2) Pneumonia

① Causes

During the birth process, amniotic fluid is inhaled into the bronchi or alveoli; the environmental hygiene conditions are poor, and the calves are exposed to cold and wind; the colostrum is consumed late or in insufficient quantity, resulting in no antibodies.

②Prevention and control measures

A. The most important thing is to carry out appropriate treatment before it reaches the level of pneumonia, but it must be completely cured before it can be stopped; when administering drugs to cattle that are weakened by illness, do not force them, it is best to accurately administer the drugs through the nose or mouth using a stomach tube.

B. Systemic administration. Clinical practice has shown that the combined use of penicillin and streptomycin has a better effect. Cephalosporins can also be used in combination with sulfonamides. Antihistamines and expectorants can also be used as supplementary treatments, combined with symptomatic treatments such as cardiotonic and fluid infusion. For severe cases, antibiotics or anti-inflammatory agents can be directly injected into the trachea, or antibiotics or anti-inflammatory agents can be inhaled by cattle in the form of ultrafine particles together with oxygen using a sprayer, which can achieve significant therapeutic effects.

C. Antifungal antibiotics should be given for fungal pneumonia, and inhalation with a nebulizer can achieve significant results.

D. Mild foreign body pneumonia can be treated with large amounts of antibiotics and combined with pilocarpine for better efficacy.

(3) Diarrhea

Calf diarrhea is a disease with high morbidity, complex etiology, difficulty in cure and high mortality. Clinically, it mainly manifests as gastroenteritis accompanied by diarrhea, systemic poisoning and dehydration.

① Causes

Calf diarrhea is a clinical syndrome, not an independent disease. According to its etiology, it is divided into toxic diarrhea and simple diarrhea. Toxic diarrhea is caused by bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella, which are the most harmful. In recent years, there have also been reports of mass outbreaks due to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Most simple diarrhea is caused by malnutrition of cows, improper calf feeding and management, or incomplete development of digestive organs. The incidence is most common in calves under 1 month old. Insufficient colostrum feeding, uneven hunger and fullness, eating cold milk, spoiled milk, unstable breeders, and sudden changes in the external environment can reduce the resistance of calves and become the cause of the disease. In addition, excessive concentration of breast milk, sudden changes in temperature, and poor sanitary conditions are all likely to cause the occurrence of this disease. Calf diarrhea is more common in intensively raised calves.

②Preventive measures

A. Calf must be fed colostrum within 1 hour after birth. The amount of colostrum can be slightly larger and should be fed for 3 to 5 days in order to obtain immune antibodies.

B. Adhere to the "four determinations", "four observations" and "two strictnesses". The four determinations: fixed temperature, time, quantity and breeder during feeding; the four observations: observing appetite, spirit, feces and weather changes; the two strictnesses: strict disinfection and prohibition of feeding spoiled milk.

C. Keep the calf house clean, ventilated and dry. The cow beds, cattle pens and exercise yards should be regularly washed with 2% caustic soda water. The bedding should be changed frequently. In winter, good cold protection and warmth preservation should be done.

D. Inject pregnant cows with vaccines made from pathogenic E. coli strains prevalent in the local area. In areas where the disease is serious, consider injecting pregnant cows with rotavirus and coronavirus vaccines.

③Treatment methods

A. Sick calves should be isolated immediately for treatment and enhanced care.

B. Treatment principles: Treat the stomach and intestines, reduce inflammation and detoxify, stop diarrhea, prevent dehydration, strengthen the heart and relieve pain, etc. If the cause is clear, the cause should be eliminated first.

C. For simple diarrhea, first treat it as indigestion, take lactase, yeast tablets, etc. orally, twice a day, for 1 to 2 days. Oral Chinese medicine: such as berberine hydrochloride tablets, specifications: 0.1 g/tablet, 5 to 10 tablets/time, 2 times/day, for 1 to 2 days.

D. For toxic diarrhea, sterilization and anti-inflammatory should be implemented throughout the whole process, and it is also suitable for various gastroenteritis. Oral antibiotics: 1 gram of sulfaguanidine and 0.5 gram of sodium bicarbonate per time, orally. 2 times per day, other optional drugs: norfloxacin, ofloxacin, etc. Injection drugs: ampicillin, kanamycin, etc. The medication is used for 3 to 6 days.

E. For calves with severe diarrhea and dehydration, dehydration and autointoxication are often the main factors causing death. Therefore, timely and reasonable rehydration and detoxification to correct acidosis therapy is one of the important measures to treat this disease. Rehydration medication should be selected according to the nature of dehydration: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride solution or compound sodium chloride injection, 5% glucose saline, etc.; the dosage should be determined according to the degree of dehydration, 500-1000 ml/time, 1-2 times/day.

(4) Bronchitis

① Causes

It mostly occurs in spring-born calves. Newborn calves are acute and calves between 1 and 3 months old are subacute. It is mostly caused by cold, damp, and poorly ventilated cowsheds.

② Treatment methods

Penicillin and streptomycin are more effective in treating bronchopneumonia, but kanamycin, neomycin, etc. can also be used.

(5) Stomatitis

① Causes

Simple and catarrhal stomatitis are caused by damage from rough feed, foreign matter, chemicals, or man-made equipment. Other types of stomatitis mainly refer to complicated stomatitis caused by infectious diseases.

②Preventive measures

First eliminate the cause of the disease, pay attention to feed processing and preparation, clean up foreign matter in feed and forage, and do not feed moldy and rotten feed.

③Treatment methods

You can rinse the mouth with 2% boric acid, 0.3% potassium permanganate, 1% to 3% alum solution, and then apply iodine glycerol. If the whole body temperature rises, inject antibiotics.

(6) Paratyphoid

① Causes

It is mainly caused by Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella Dublin. Paratyphoid-stricken animals and carrier animals are the sources of infection for this disease. Pathogens are stored in the gallbladder of carrier cattle for a long time and are constantly excreted with feces, contaminating water sources and feed and spreading the disease. The disease is mainly transmitted through the digestive tract and can occur in all seasons. Cattle of all ages can be infected, but young cattle are more susceptible than adult cattle, and calves aged 10 to 40 days are the most susceptible. In addition, carrier cattle can also be endogenously infected under the influence of adverse external conditions. Dirty and humid environment, crowded sheds, accumulated feces, insufficient feed, poor management, poor hygiene and other diseases can all promote the occurrence and spread of this disease.

②Preventive measures

The key is to strengthen feeding management, eliminate the causes of disease, and keep feed and drinking water clean and hygienic. Prevent calves from eating contaminated bedding or drinking sewage. Cowsheds and utensils should be kept clean and disinfected regularly. If conditions permit, calves can be prevented with live bacteria.

③Treatment methods

There are many drugs that can treat this disease, and the most commonly used one is neomycin. Each treatment should not exceed 5 days, and it is best to use one antibiotic first. When one drug is ineffective, other drugs should be used immediately. In addition, symptomatic treatment should be carried out at the same time.

(7) Myocarditis

Selenium deficiency is a metabolic disease characterized by myocardial and skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis. It is named after myocarditis, which is a prominent feature. Because the affected muscles fade and look like boiled meat or fish, it is also called white muscle disease.

① Causes

It is divided into primary and secondary. The primary one is caused by too little selenium in the soil or forage. The secondary one is caused by too much sulfide in the soil (mostly due to the application of sulfur fertilizer) or too much sulfate in the forage. As selenium reacts with sulfur, the absorption and utilization of selenium in the feed by cattle is reduced, thus leading to selenium deficiency. In addition, stress factors such as sudden changes in weather can also induce the disease.

②Prevention and control measures

For cattle with selenium deficiency, on the premise of improving feeding management (such as restricting activities, keeping the cowshed warm, avoiding stress factors, etc.), causal and symptomatic treatments should be implemented, such as intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg sodium selenite solution or oral administration of 0.2 mg/kg sodium selenite solution, and then repeat the administration after an interval of 2 to 3 days. Vitamin E preparations can also be used in combination.

Chronic cases are treated with antibiotics or sulfamethoxazole and myocardial nutrition drugs, especially concentrated sugar, vitamin C, and Danshen liquid to buffer myocardial inflammation. To prevent the disease, selenium supplementation is usually adopted, and selenium salts are taken orally regularly. For newborn calves, sodium selenite solution (3-5 mg) and vitamin E (50-150 mg) should be injected subcutaneously, and then injected once after an interval of 14 days.

③Precautions

A. Cardiotonic drugs should not be used in the early stage of the disease to prevent cardiac nerve excitement, which may accelerate heart failure and cause death. Only when chronic heart failure occurs can sodium camphorsulfonate or potassium camphorsulfonate be used appropriately, but digitalis preparations should be avoided.

B. Strengthen the care of sick calves and avoid exercise and stimulation.

(8) Umbilical cord inflammation

① Causes

Umbilical cord inflammation is a common disease in calves. It is usually caused by the umbilical cord not being disinfected or not being disinfected strictly at birth, which causes the umbilical cord to be infected with bacteria and become inflamed. Improper feeding and management, a bad external environment, such as a wet and muddy playground, untimely replacement of litter, and poor sanitary conditions can also lead to umbilical cord infection and inflammation.

②Preventive measures

The umbilical cord should be properly handled and strictly disinfected. After the calf breathes normally, the umbilical cord should be cut 8 to 10 cm from the abdomen (it is best to tear it off by hand), disinfected (soak the broken end of the umbilical cord with 7% iodine tincture for 15 seconds), and ligated. Maintain a good sanitary environment, the playground should be disinfected frequently, and the bedding should be changed every day. Newborn calves should be raised in single pens to prevent calves from sucking each other.

③Treatment methods

If treated promptly, the recovery is generally good. It is worth noting that the symptoms of calf umbilical cord inflammation and umbilical hernia are similar, so pay attention to the difference and prevent misdiagnosis.

A. Local treatment

In the early stage of the disease, 1% to 2% potassium permanganate solution can be used for local cleaning, and 7% iodine tincture can be applied. If the area around the affected area is swollen, 600,000 to 800,000 units of penicillin can be injected at points; when an abscess has formed, it can be cut open to drain the pus, then rinsed with 3% hydrogen peroxide, and iodineamine powder can be sprinkled inside. In severe cases, surgical operation can be used to remove necrotic tissue and apply iodoform and ether (1 part iodoform, 10 parts ether).

B. Systemic treatment

Sulfonamides or antibiotics can be used for treatment. Penicillin 600,000 to 800,000 units is usually injected intramuscularly once, twice a day, for 3 to 5 consecutive days. If there are symptoms of indigestion, 6 grams of sulfaguanidine and baking soda, 5 to 10 yeast tablets or stomach-strengthening tablets can be given to the sick cow orally, twice a day, for 3 consecutive days.

(9) Calf cough

Coughing is a common symptom of respiratory inflammation and lesions, often occurring in colds, pharyngitis, tracheitis, various pneumonias and some infectious diseases. Severe cases can lead to the death of calves.

① Causes

A. Colds caused by cold in winter and getting angry due to excessive heat in summer.

B. The calf house is poorly ventilated and unhygienic; the air is polluted, and the calf inhales a large amount of irritants such as ammonia and dust.

C. Secondary to other diseases.

② Treatment methods

A. In the early stage, oral administration of ammonium chloride, licorice tablets, etc.

B. Chinese medicine treatment

A. Winter colds: 10g of Schizonepeta, 10g of Saposhnikovia, 6g of Notopterygium, 10g of Bupleurum, 10g of Platycodon, 10g of Apricot, 10g of Isatis, 10g of Isatis, 10g of Citrus aurantium, 6g of Ligusticum chuanxiong, and 6g of Radix Glycyrrhizae. Decoction twice, about 500 ml, add 3g of milk source fragrance, and take it twice a day, morning and evening. 1 dose/day, 3 consecutive days as a course of treatment.

B. For dry cough in summer, take 10g of Shuanghua, 10g of Forsythia, 10g of Ophiopogon, 10g of Bupleurum, 10g of Platycodon, 10g of Apricot, 10g of Isatis, 10g of Fritillaria, 6g of Citrus aurantium, 10g of Trichosanthes, and 6g of Licorice. Decoction twice, about 500 ml, add 3g of milk source fragrance, take it twice a day, morning and evening. 1 dose/day, 3 days in a row as a course of treatment.

C. Intramuscular injection of antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin. In severe cases, intravenous injection: 300-600 ml of normal saline, 3 ml of vitamin C, 5-10 vials of 0.5 g ampicillin, 1-2 ml of aminophylline injection. 1-2 times/day, for 3-5 consecutive days.

(10) Umbilical hernia

Umbilical hernia is caused by incomplete development of the umbilicus, failure to close normally, or purulent infection of the umbilical cord residue. Umbilical hernia in calves is mainly caused by genetics and improper umbilical cord cutting. Although the condition exists at birth, many cases are not discovered until the calves are 2 to 3 weeks old. If the diameter of the hernial orifice is less than 5 cm, it is a small hernial ring, which is often closed within 6 months or conservative treatment is adopted. Check the umbilicus frequently to see whether it is gradually shrinking until it is healed. For large hernial rings, extensive adhesions between the hernial contents and the hernial sac, or incarcerated hernias, surgical treatment is required.

(11) Gastric ulcer

Abomasal ulcer refers to localized erosion and necrosis of the abomasal mucosa, and some may bleed and perforate. Abomasal ulcers in calves may be accompanied by acute abomasal bloating. Sick calves are depressed, have a reduced appetite, less rumination, anemia, a small amount of black blood clots in their feces, and in severe cases, they have bloating, severe abdominal pain, and even shock. Abomasal ulcers in calves are mostly subclinical. Preventive measures: Strengthen feeding management, avoid overfeeding, irregular feeding, premature feeding of dry matter, and sudden changes in food. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used to control inflammation and ulcers. Commonly used antibiotics include ampicillin sodium, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and Guangdamycin; at the same time, antacids such as magnesium oxide can be used to inhibit gastric acid secretion and promote healing of ulcer surfaces.

4. Common diseases in pig farming in spring and their prevention measures?

Spring is a season of high incidence of infectious diseases in pigs. If you don't pay attention, pigs are easily infected. Once infectious diseases spread, they will have a great impact on pig farmers. So today, the editor summarizes the common diseases of pigs in spring and the preventive measures. Let's take a look.

1. Swine Flu

Swine flu is an acute swine disease that spreads bacteria through the air and infects the respiratory system of pigs. It is highly contagious and develops quickly, and is prone to large-scale influenza virus outbreaks in pig farms and breeding bases. After being infected with the swine flu virus, pigs will experience symptoms such as loss of appetite, anorexia, fever, severe asthma, and weakness in the limbs. Although the symptoms are obvious, they can generally recover in about seven days after treatment, and the course of the disease is short. However, if it is not managed properly, it is very easy to expand the scope of infection and increase the mortality rate of pigs.

Preventive measures: Renovate the pig house environment according to the season, keep the pig house in a ventilated state at all times, and prevent the bacteria from breeding in a closed environment. Keep the pig house clean and disinfect it regularly. You can also inject swine flu vaccine. Once sick pigs are found, they should be quickly isolated, the area where they are located should be disinfected, and sick pigs should be treated to prevent the spread of swine flu.

2. Pig diarrhea disease

Swine diarrhea has obvious seasonal characteristics, mostly occurring in winter and spring, and mainly in two forms: viral diarrhea and bacterial diarrhea. The main cause of swine diarrhea is digestive tract infection, which is contagious and spreads quickly. After infection, symptoms such as anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea will appear. Due to poor immunity, piglets have more serious symptoms than adult pigs. In addition to fever and lack of energy, severe cases will continue to vomit and have symptoms of dehydration. The incidence of swine diarrhea in piglets is very high, but the mortality rate is low.

Preventive measures: Paying attention to the warmth of the pig house is an effective measure to prevent pig diarrhea. Strictly check the pig house environment, maintain reasonable temperature and humidity, allow natural air circulation, keep the pig house dry at all times, and try to keep the feed fresh and not deteriorate. In addition, in terms of preventing the infection of pig diarrhea, it is also necessary to regularly disinfect the pig house with caustic soda and use vaccination to strengthen the preventive measures against pig diarrhea.

3. Pig respiratory tract infection

Pig respiratory infections often occur in spring and autumn, mainly due to cold weather, humid environment, climate change and other reasons. Viral or bacterial infections occur in the respiratory system, and pigs will have symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing after becoming ill. If the farm does not pay attention to sanitation management, it is very easy to cause a large-scale spread of pig respiratory infections. The course of pig respiratory infections is long, which has a great impact on the healthy growth of pigs, and the mortality rate of acute symptoms is high.

Preventive measures: During the prevention stage of pig respiratory infections, we must first keep the pig house clean and hygienic, regularly clean up the garbage generated in the pig house, keep the pig house ventilated and dry, and conduct regular inspections of the pig house. We can prevent the disease by injecting vaccines or mixing feed with Huanglian Jiedu Powder plus respiratory special effects plus Jiemeijing.

4. Swine foot-and-mouth disease

Foot-and-mouth disease is an infectious disease caused by the FMDV virus. Sick pigs will have blisters in their mouths and hooves, and ulcers will appear. After infection, they will have fever and lack of energy. The mortality rate for piglets is relatively high.

Preventive measures: Feeding and care must be strengthened. The pig house should be kept clean, ventilated, dry and warm. Drinking water should be increased appropriately, and a variety of organic nutrients should be added. If the pigs do not eat, artificial feeding should be carried out. Disinfecting the pig house with disinfectant every day is the most fundamental control method.

5. Swine exudative dermatitis

Swine exudative dermatitis is a common acute infectious disease that occurs mostly in lactating piglets and weaned piglets. Swine exudative dermatitis is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Usually, people also call it "lard skin disease" or "pig soot rash". Its main characteristics are systemic, acute exudative dermatitis in piglets. Swine exudative dermatitis has a fast spread speed, strong infectiousness and high mortality rate.

Preventive measures: Disinfection should be strictly implemented in the delivery room. Before the sow enters the delivery room, wash the whole body with 40℃ warm water, and then disinfect with 0.1% povidone-iodine solution. After the piglet is born, use a sterile towel to clean the mucus on the pig's mouth, nose and skin, and then put it in a sterilized incubator or other sterilized container. When cutting the umbilical cord, cutting teeth, and giving injections to piglets, they should follow the regular procedures and be strictly disinfected with iodine to prevent bacterial infection.

5. Fish farming technology?

1.

Stocking time selection: Fish should be released on sunny days when the temperature is not too low. Generally, the temperature should be between 2℃ and 5℃. At this stage, the fish scales are tight and the activity is small. It is not easy to injure the fish during fishing, transportation and stocking operations, which can reduce the morbidity and mortality of fish. It is easy to frostbite the fish on rainy days with low temperature or snowy, frozen and windy weather; when the temperature is too high, the fish scales are loose and the activity is large, which is easy to injure the fish during operation.

2.

Stocking of fish: Before stocking the fish, check whether the drugs have lost their effectiveness after pond cleaning. In early spring, the water temperature is low and the toxicity disappears slowly. Water should be taken in advance and test fish should be released. According to the stocking plan, individual size, density, and matching species and specifications, the fish that can be released at one time should not be released in batches, so that the fish can adapt to the environment, start eating early, and promote growth. At the same time, [Gold Iodine] should be used for drug disinfection when stocking fish.

3.

Feeding at the right time When the water temperature rises to 810℃, fish begin to eat, and the amount of food intake gradually increases with the increase of water temperature, so they should be fed in time. Feed once a day or every other day, and choose to feed at noon on a sunny day; as the water temperature continues to rise, the number of feedings can be increased to twice, that is, feeding once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Feeding should adhere to the principle of four determinations (timing, quality, positioning, and quantity), and the specific daily feeding amount should be flexibly controlled according to the weather, water temperature, and the feeding situation of fish. For grass carp weighing more than 1 jin, it is recommended to feed Da Beinong high-grade expanded feed 8103 in the early stage of feeding; for small grass carp mode, it is recommended to feed Da Beinong microecological juvenile fish special feed [Intestinal Liver Health], and the feeding rate is controlled at about 0.5%1%. This product is rich in nutrients and probiotics, which can quickly repair the fish intestines, restore the physique, and improve immunity.

6. How to raise and prevent chicks?

Chicks are not easy to raise, they are afraid of cold and prone to illness. In winter, they need to be kept warm and disinfected regularly.

7. How many species of fish are farmed?

Grass carp, black carp, silver carp, bighead carp, carp, crucian carp, bream, and bighead carp are farmed fish. These eight fish are all carp fish, warm-water fish, with large spawning capacity and strong reproductive capacity. They can spawn naturally, have sufficient seedling sources, strong disease resistance, a long history of artificial breeding, and mature artificial breeding technology. The breeding method is flexible, and can be intensive or extensive, and can be fed with artificial bait or commercial fish feed.

8. Marine fish farming cycle?

The breeding cycle of different species is different. The breeding cycle of blue grouper and oily grouper is about 1 year, while the breeding cycle of eastern grouper and humphead grouper is as long as 2-3 years. Cost analysis: The cost of breeding grouper includes seedlings, feed labor costs, water and electricity costs, management fees, epidemic prevention costs, etc. The breeding cost of one acre of grouper is about 400,000 yuan, and the profit is more than one million yuan, which is very considerable.

9. What is the definition of artificial fish farming?

Fishery farming is also known as aquaculture, which is the artificial breeding of various fish species and seafood to meet market demand. It can be roughly divided into three categories: freshwater farming, saltwater farming and marine farming. Freshwater farming is carried out in inland ponds, lakes and other waters.

Freshwater aquaculture includes fish farming in rice fields, reservoirs, ponds, etc., mainly breeding fish and shrimps, with a high production level, large output and high returns.

Saltwater aquaculture is suitable for breeding some seafood that have special requirements for water quality, such as tilapia, pike, white shrimp, American red fish, carp, etc.

Marine aquaculture utilizes coastal beaches and bays to cultivate fish, shrimp, shellfish, algae, sea cucumbers, etc. It has high yields, short growth cycles, and high economic benefits.

10. Fish breeding techniques?

1.

Stocking time selection: Fish should be released on sunny days when the temperature is not too low. Generally, the temperature should be between 2℃ and 5℃. At this stage, the fish scales are tight and the activity is small. It is not easy to injure the fish during fishing, transportation and stocking operations, which can reduce the morbidity and mortality of fish. It is easy to frostbite the fish on rainy days with low temperature or snowy, frozen and windy weather; when the temperature is too high, the fish scales are loose and the activity is large, which is easy to injure the fish during operation.

2.

Stocking of fish: Before stocking the fish, check whether the drugs have lost their effectiveness after pond cleaning. In early spring, the water temperature is low and the toxicity disappears slowly. Water should be taken in advance and test fish should be released. According to the stocking plan, individual size, density, and matching species and specifications, the fish that can be released at one time should not be released in batches, so that the fish can adapt to the environment, start eating early, and promote growth. At the same time, [Gold Iodine] should be used for drug disinfection when stocking fish.

3.

Feeding at the right time When the water temperature rises to 810℃, fish begin to eat, and the amount of food intake gradually increases with the increase of water temperature, so they should be fed in time. Feed once a day or every other day, and choose to feed at noon on a sunny day; as the water temperature continues to rise, the number of feedings can be increased to twice, that is, feeding once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Feeding should adhere to the principle of four determinations (timing, quality, positioning, and quantity), and the specific daily feeding amount should be flexibly controlled according to the weather, water temperature, and the feeding situation of fish. For grass carp weighing more than 1 jin, it is recommended to feed Da Beinong high-grade expanded feed 8103 in the early stage of feeding; for small grass carp mode, it is recommended to feed Da Beinong microecological juvenile fish special feed [Intestinal Liver Health], and the feeding rate is controlled at about 0.5%1%. This product is rich in nutrients and probiotics, which can quickly repair the fish intestines, restore the physique, and improve immunity.

Four,

Add organic fertilizer to improve the fertility of the water body. Sanyingshuiwang organic biological fertilizer has a long-lasting fertilizer effect. Yizaoyuan promotes algae growth and quickly fertilizes the water. After the fish pond is cleaned, frozen, and disinfected in winter, the fertility of the water body is low. As the saying goes, raising fish starts with raising water, so fertilizing the pond water is particularly important. In spring, it is best to apply organic fertilizer. It is recommended to use biological fertilizers rich in various trace elements [Sanyingshuiwang] or Yizaoyuan, which are rich in trace elements. The specific amount of fertilizer and frequency should be determined according to the quality of pond water and fertilizer.

The general principle is: early spring, large amount and few times, late spring, small amount and many times. Make the pool water green (including blue-green, yellow-green and bean green) or brown (including yellow-brown, reddish brown and tea-brown), the water transparency is moderate, maintained at about 30 cm, the water temperature is low in early spring, it should be controlled at 20-30 cm, the temperature is high in late spring, it should be controlled at 25-35 cm, the water quality should be kept rich, active, tender and refreshing.