CATDOLL : CATDOLL: Abalone farming methods and advantages and disadvantages comparison, how to raise abalone

1. Abalone breeding methods and advantages and disadvantages comparison, how to breed abalone

1. Seabed aquaculture: Place young abalone of about 2 cm in a breeding cage, add 10-30% of bait, seal it and place it on the seabed; young abalone can also be placed directly in the sea area with better natural conditions (for proliferation). 2) Raft aquaculture: Place young abalone in abalone breeding cages, then fix them on floating cages for breeding, feed them regularly, remove fecal impurities and leftover bait, wash away sludge, and dredge water flow. 3) Pond aquaculture: In areas with conditions, ponds can be built on land, using flowing water and aeration for breeding. 4) Factory aquaculture: Build an abalone breeding room, and control the water temperature by building a cooling and heating system. 5) Tunnel aquaculture: Intensive aquaculture (which can be called a type of factory aquaculture) is carried out by treating the water quality using the natural conditions of the tunnel's own constant temperature. At present, our city mainly adopts two methods: tunnel aquaculture and bottom seeding in the waters of Qiansan Island. Young abalone must be fed with bait, and the quality of the bait is directly related to the growth rate of abalone. Generally, abalone around 3 mm cannot eat large algae, and mainly rely on attached diatoms as food. At this time, no bait is needed; after growing to 5-6 mm, they begin to eat delicate algae such as Enteromorpha. As the individual grows, it turns to mainly large seaweed. The frequency and quantity of feeding in natural sea areas and aquaculture depend on the season. In summer, the water temperature is high, seaweed is easy to rot, and the fronds rot and sink to the bottom. The ammonia nitrogen in the water increases and the dissolved oxygen decreases, which can easily cause the culture environment to deteriorate and affect the normal activities of abalone. Therefore, feeding should be done once every 2-3 days, and the amount should be less, so that abalone can eat it all. Autumn is the season when abalone grows faster, and sufficient fresh bait should be fed once every 4-5 days. In winter, the water temperature is low, the abalone eats less, and fresh algae will not rot after being soaked in water for 7-8 days. Therefore, feeding once every 8-10 days in winter is sufficient. Note that each feeding should be done after removing the bait residue and abalone excrement and replacing fresh seawater. Abalone likes dry young seaweed. If there is no fresh seaweed, dry algae can be soaked and fed as bait, and the mixed effect is better for algae feeding. Among the algae, kelp, seaweed, horsetail, etc. are seaweeds that abalone prefers to eat. They have good bait effect and grow fast. The test results show that the local resources of laver are not ideal and have a great impact on the digestion of abalone. Abalone farming can also be fed with artificial compound bait. When using it, it should be considered that it contains animal protein and is easy to rot when soaked in water, so the time for testing bait should be shortened accordingly. The feeding of factory-farmed abalone or tunnel-farmed abalone is basically the same as above. The difference is that the water temperature and room temperature in factory-farmed or tunnel-farmed abalone are relatively constant, so there is a difference in the feeding time.

2. How to keep abalone until the next day

If you want to store live abalone until the next day, you can store it in light salt water or sea water. It should be noted that this method has a short shelf life and is best eaten within a reasonable time. Abalone is a common food in life and has high nutritional value, but it tastes average and has few cooking methods, but it is still loved by some people. Generally speaking, abalone is very easy to die after leaving its original living environment. It is recommended to eat dead abalone as soon as possible.

Ensure suitable water temperature. The water temperature range for abalone to survive is between 1-28 degrees. The most suitable seawater salinity is 29‰-31‰, and the maximum cannot exceed 36‰. In the absence of seawater and oxygenation facilities, you can only add ice cubes or put it in the refrigerator to keep it at 0-6 degrees. If you need to take fresh abalone to other places, you can put it in an insulated box or heat preservation box with ice cubes. The ice and abalone need to be placed separately.

2 Ensure sufficient oxygen. Try to choose a larger container to store the abalone you bought. If you have an oxygen pump at home, it will be even better, so that the abalone can be kept for a longer time without dying. It should be noted that abalone can only live in salt water, not fresh water. As long as they touch fresh water, they will die due to absorbing water and bubbling. Even the abalone in the seafood store needs to create a seawater environment for short-term breeding.

3 Tips for Keeping Abalone Fresh

1. Place live abalones in ice water for an ice bath to cool them down (except in winter) to put them in a low-temperature dormant state and reduce the frequency of metabolism.

2. Place the processed fresh abalone in an insulated box equipped with ice packs that meet food hygiene standards. The temperature in the insulated box should be controlled at 4-6°C as much as possible to extend the survival time of the abalone.

3. After the cooked abalone has cooled, pack the abalone individually in a fresh-keeping bag and squeeze the bag lightly to achieve the purpose of exhaust, sealing and oxygen isolation. Then put it into low-temperature freezing and refrigeration. There is no obvious difference in taste between cooking and eating within 30 days and live abalone.

1. Ensure the right water temperature

The water temperature range for abalone to survive is between 1-28 degrees. The most suitable seawater salinity is 29‰-31‰, and the maximum cannot exceed 36‰. In the absence of seawater and oxygenation facilities, you can only add ice cubes or put it in the refrigerator to keep it at 0-6 degrees. If you need to take fresh abalone to other places, you can put it in an insulated box or heat preservation box with ice cubes. The ice and abalone need to be placed separately.

2. Ensure adequate oxygen

When you buy abalone, try to choose a larger container. If you have an oxygen pump at home, it will be even better, so that the abalone can be kept for a longer time without dying. It should be noted that abalone can only live in salt water, not fresh water. As long as they touch fresh water, they will die due to absorbing water and bubbling. Even the short-term breeding of abalone in seafood stores requires a seawater environment for it.

3 Tips for Keeping Abalone Fresh

1. Place live abalones in ice water for an ice bath to cool them down (except in winter) to put them in a low-temperature dormant state and reduce the frequency of metabolism.

2. Place the processed fresh abalone in an insulated box equipped with ice packs that meet food hygiene standards. The temperature in the insulated box should be controlled at 4-6°C as much as possible to extend the survival time of the abalone.

3. After the cooked abalone has cooled, pack the abalone individually in a fresh-keeping bag and squeeze the bag lightly to achieve the purpose of exhaust, sealing and oxygen isolation. Then put it into low-temperature freezing and refrigeration. There is no obvious difference in taste between cooking and eating within 30 days and live abalone.

3. How to raise abalone

1. Overview of Abalone 1. Biological Characteristics Abalone is widely distributed, while the wrinkled abalone is mainly produced in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. It is an abalone with relatively high economic value and a large output, accounting for about 70% of the total abalone output. The wrinkled abalone shell is large and thick, with three layers of whorls, a suture line, and a blunt shell top. There is a row of protrusions on the edge of the shell, 4-5 openings at the end, which are tubular, and there is a groove parallel to the protrusions close to the outside of the protrusions. The shell surface is dark green-brown, with obvious growth lines, and no large folds. The shell is silvery white. Abalones live on the ground, living in rock cracks and caves with abundant seaweed, clear water quality, and smooth water flow. They hide during the day and come out at night. Adult abalones are variegated animals, mainly feeding on brown algae, and also eating green algae, red algae, diatoms, seed plants, and lower plants and animals. The color of abalone shells is usually closely related to the bait they eat. 2. Economic traits Abalone is listed as the first of the eight delicacies. It is delicious, tender and tasty, and rich in nutrition. According to the dry product analysis, it contains 40% protein, 33.7% glycogen, 0.9% fat, and contains vitamins and other trace elements. In addition to fresh food, abalone meat can also be made into dried products and various canned foods for collection. Abalone shell, also known as stone cassia, is a colorful pearl layer, which is a good raw material for excellent decorations and shell carving. More importantly, its medicinal value. The pharmacological effect of abalone shell can calm the liver and clear heat, nourish yin and strengthen yang. Abalone meat has the effect of lowering blood pressure. The abalone I and abalone II contained in abalone meat can strongly inhibit the growth of cancer cells. 3. Current status of breeding Abalone is naturally distributed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea because of its habit of living in stone caves with clear water quality, rich seaweed and smooth water flow. Its southern boundary is the sea area of ​​Qiansan Island in Lianyungang City. The water depth near the coast of our city is not suitable for its growth, so the existing abalone farming method adopts tunnel farming, that is, artificial purification of seawater, taking advantage of the constant temperature of the tunnel, and intensive farming. Its main farming site is Shuidao Village, Liandao Town. 4. Economic Analysis Abalone farming requires high-input, high-output, and high-efficiency aquaculture projects, and the farming cycle is long and the technical requirements are high, so the investment risk is large, but its high profit still deeply attracts farming units. Take the tunnel farming of 1 million abalone as an example: 100 million tunnel farming abalone farm. The total investment is about 10 million yuan. Among them, the asset investment is more than 6.5 million yuan, the production cost is more than 3.6 million yuan, and the farming survival rate can reach 90%. The sales price is 400,000 yuan/T, then the sales revenue can reach 13.68 million yuan, and the total profit and tax can reach more than 8.7 million yuan, the sales profit and tax rate is 63.35%, and the investment recovery period is 2.56 years. In summary, it can be seen that the use of tunnel farming abalone, if the technical measures are appropriate and the disease prevention and control is effective, its prospects are still broad. II. Abalone seedling technology 1. Seedling conditions (1) Mature parent abalone: ​​healthy individuals without damage, with a shell length of more than 6 cm; the gonads are extremely full in appearance, covering most of the digestive glands, protruding from the shell edge, and the end becomes pure round due to being filled with sperm and egg cells. (2) Parent abalone temporary holding ponds and juvenile abalone cultivation ponds should be dark and covered with plastic sheets. (3) Collectors: mainly made of transparent plexiglass, polyethylene plastic algae boards and films. (4) Collection frames: made of steel bars, wrapped with films, or made of thin bamboo and wood. 2. Process flow Parent abalone breeding Artificial induction of spawning Screening of fertilized eggs Collection and cultivation of larvae (timely sparse breeding) Juvenile abalone breeding. In abalone seedling breeding, bait is particularly important and must be prepared in advance. Before collecting larvae, the collectors should be pre-attached with benthic diatoms or placed in a flat culture pond for several days. Then these collectors with attached diatoms and unicellular algae are moved into the larval culture pond to collect larvae in the late stage of the face plate. During the abalone breeding process, algae cultivation should be continuously strengthened. In addition to adding appropriate amounts of nutrients to the larval culture pool, light should be strengthened to promote the reproduction rate of benthic diatoms and maintain a balance between the reproduction number of benthic diatoms and the food intake of larvae or young abalone. For this reason, fertilizers need to be added continuously. If the bait is basically insufficient, additional bait should be added or the bait board should be replaced after changing the water to meet the larvae's food intake. 3. Disease control Orphanosis: Symptoms: The epithelial tissue of the abalone foot falls off, and the diseased individuals are inactive. Severe illness has no response to mechanical stimulation. There are active bacteria in the blood, the body fades, the tentacles are weak, the visceral mass atrophies, the feet retract, and the abalone dies persistently from metamorphosis to 1 cm, and sometimes there is a peak of death. Pathogen: Red abalone is prone to orphanosis when it is young, and the isolated orphan bacteria have biochemical characteristics close to alginate-soluble orphan bacteria. Time: Generally, the disease is prone to occur under high temperature conditions or excessive oxygenation. Prevention and control: Prevention: Young abalone should be cultured in a suitable environment, and the wounds of injured abalone can be soaked in drugs. Treatment: 1) Soak in 25-50ppm chloramphenicol seawater solution for 0.5-1 hour, or soak in 1% cotrimoxazole seawater solution for 5 minutes. 2) Apply 5% chloramphenicol or cotrimoxazole seawater solution to the wound. The above drug treatment methods require the abalone to be placed in the air for 10-15 minutes to allow the drug solution to fully penetrate the lesion, and then put back into the seawater for breeding. In addition, if necessary, repeat the treatment once the next day. III. Abalone cultivation technology 1. Cultivation conditions The quality of the natural conditions in the Pacific oyster cultivation area has a close relationship with its cultivation. (1) Terrain The aquaculture area should choose a relatively flat mudflat with a suitable bottom of mud and sand, which is convenient for the setting of scaffolds and floating rafts. It is ideal to have a deep water location in the inner bay or reclamation area with an appropriate amount of fresh water injection. (2) The aquaculture area requires smooth tidal currents, good seawater exchange conditions, and calm winds and waves or not easily attacked by strong winds and waves. (3) Water quality The seawater temperature should be within the suitable range of 5-30 degrees for Pacific oysters; the specific gravity of seawater should be around 1.005-1.025. (4) The bait culture area must be a fertile area to facilitate the reproduction of plankton to ensure the rich bait organisms required for the growth of oysters. (5) Pollution The aquaculture sea area should be free of serious industrial and agricultural pollution. 2. Production process of aquaculture The selection of aquaculture sea area → Determination of aquaculture method → ​​Preparation of aquaculture equipment → Setting up aquaculture facilities → Stocking of seedlings → Aquaculture management → Harvesting and processing 3. Introduction to main aquaculture methods (1) Direct aquaculture method Traditional aquaculture methods include stone throwing aquaculture, bridge aquaculture, pile aquaculture and bamboo planting aquaculture. The common feature of these aquaculture methods is that the seed collector also serves as a grower. (2) Seedling aquaculture methods include mudflat broadcasting, floating raft or longline hanging aquaculture and single aquaculture. Compared with direct aquaculture, these aquaculture methods can artificially control the aquaculture density, effectively utilize the aquaculture waters, have a short aquaculture cycle and high yields. They are advanced methods of oyster aquaculture. 4. Tidal flat broadcasting: This is the simplest method of culturing Pacific oysters on tidal flats. The oyster seedlings are directly broadcasted on the mudflat or muddy mudflat at a certain density for cultivation. The hanging type of culture is divided into: 1) Scaffolding type: bamboo, wood or cement piles are used to build scaffolding in the culture area, and the seed attachment device is hung on the scaffolding for cultivation. 2) Floating raft type: a floating raft is set up in the shallow sea area, and the floating raft is made of bamboo. The seed attachment device is hung on the raft frame for cultivation. 3) Longline type: a floating rope is set up in the shallow sea area, and the seed attachment device is hung on the floating rope for cultivation. 4) Hanging cage type: the multi-layer net cage used for single-layer round cage culture of scallops can be used for hanging oysters. In addition, Pacific oysters can also be mixed with shrimps and intercultured with algae such as kelp and wakame. The bait is completely dependent on the natural bait organisms in the natural sea area, mainly unicellular algae. Disease control There are few diseases in the cultivation and production of Pacific oysters. Carnosella disease has been reported abroad. The main harm to domestic cultivation comes from enemy pests. One type is competing organisms such as pleated oysters, barnacles, moss worms, lime worms, etc., which compete with them for attachment, food, and oxygen; the other type is residual feeding organisms such as snails, crabs, chiseling shellfish, scallop fleas, etc., especially the last type of harm is the most serious, and there is no effective prevention and control method at present. 4. Abalone harvesting and processing 1. Harvesting method Abalone cage culture and factory culture have simple harvesting methods. They can be directly pulled out from the culture contract or culture wrinkle board. The harvesting of abalone cultured in natural sea areas is generally arranged in the summer and autumn when the water temperature is high, which is convenient for diving operations. The standard for abalone is generally controlled at a size of about 9 cm, and every 20 can reach 1 kg. 2. Processing technology Abalone is mainly exported because of its rich nutrition, tender and delicious taste, rich and popular. That is, it can be cooked after washing. In addition, it can also be processed into dried products or canned. Dried product processing: first remove the shell and internal organs of the fresh product, place it in a jar and add 7-8% salt, take it out overnight, scrub and wash to remove the melanin and mucus around the feet, wash it and put it in a pot, add water and cook it, pick it up, string it with a thread and put it on a mat to dry. Canned food production: my country often uses water-boiled cans, remove the shells of abalone, scrub the head and internal organs clean, and seal the cans.

The water temperature range for abalone to survive is 1-28℃, and the most suitable water temperature for growth is 14-22℃. Abalone is a medium-salinity marine organism, and the salinity of seawater should be stable at 29‰-31‰, with a minimum of no less than 27‰ and a maximum of no more than 36‰. Oxygen should be added to the tank every day.

There are many ways to grow abalone, including bottom seeding (also known as natural proliferation), raft cage farming, factory farming, tunnel farming, etc.

1. Preparation: (1) Before collecting seedlings, the following preparations must be made: the nursery room must be cleaned thoroughly; the ultraviolet egg collection equipment, hatchery equipment, and nursery pool must all be routinely disinfected with potassium permanganate; the benthic diatoms must have turned completely dark brown; the functions of the filtration system, water pump system, and heating system must all be checked; the hatching tank, filter drum, and siphon must all be routinely disinfected with sodium hypochlorite, and then rinsed with ultraviolet disinfected filtered seawater for use; and microscopes, beakers, pipettes, counters, blood plate counters, flashlights, and other equipment must be ready for use at any time.

(2) Strict water quality requirements must be met when collecting abalone seedlings. When abalone seedlings are artificially cultivated, the water quality requirements are very strict. The water used for collecting seedlings must be allowed to settle in the dark for 12 hours and then filtered twice before it can be used.

2. The indicators of seawater are: salinity: 31-33‰, specific gravity: 1.024-1.028; PH: 7.9-8.3; dissolved oxygen: 7-8 mg/L; ammonia nitrogen: less than 50 mg/L; copper ion: less than 1ppb; zinc ion: less than 50ppb; lead ion: less than 10ppb; arsenic ion: less than 1ppb; water temperature: 20-23℃; water quality: twice sand filtered, clear and pure.

The nutrients required by abalone at different stages are different, so the feed they are fed is also different.

Juvenile abalone feed on seaweed. Just inject seawater containing seaweed into the pond. Algae can also be cultivated artificially to provide abalone with sufficient feed. Some abalone farms feed diatoms with a diameter of 0.05mm to juvenile abalone, and the effect is very good. When the abalone shell grows to 3~20mm, eating seaweed alone cannot meet the growth needs. You can use some nutritious seaweed, which can be collected and washed. Chop it and feed it to the abalone. Feed it once every 3~4 days when the temperature is low, and once a day when the temperature is high. Abalone eats at night, so it is suitable to feed it in the evening. When it is mature abalone, it should be combined with other baits. These feeds are rich in nutrients and contain high-quality wakame, laver, imported fish meal, spirulina, salt algae, casein, soy protein, lecithin, vitamin premix, mineral premix, immune enhancer, health growth promoter, and microecological preparations.

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It is very cheap to raise abalone using marine phytoplankton. The raised abalone can be directly fed to mantis shrimps, and the abalone shells can be used to make cement, thus achieving the co-production of cement and mantis shrimps.

This one grows on rocks and takes many years to grow a little bit. It is a deep-sea animal and has very strict requirements on seawater pollution.