CATDOLL : CATDOLL: What does the jointing and booting stage mean?

What does jointing and booting stage mean?

The jointing and heading stage refers to the period from the beginning of differentiation of young ears to the growth of ears, which generally takes about one month; the heading and flowering stage refers to the period from the emergence of rice ears from the top stem sheath to the flowering and heading, which generally takes 5-7 days; the filling and fruiting stage refers to the period from the flowering of rice ears to the maturity of grains, which can be divided into milky stage, waxy stage and fully mature stage.

The reproductive growth period of rice includes the jointing and heading stage, heading and flowering stage, and grain filling and fruiting stage. The growth characteristics of rice reproductive growth period are long stems and ears, flowering, fruiting, and grain formation and filling. This is the main stage for achieving high yield. In cultivation, it is particularly important to pay attention to the coordination of fertilizer, water, and air, extend the functional period of the root system and leaves, and improve the material accumulation and conversion rate to achieve sufficient ears, large ears, high thousand-grain weight and fruiting rate.

Rice cultivation technology

1. Land preparation

Before rice is planted, the soil in the paddy field must be turned over. This process is divided into three stages: rough tillage, intensive tillage, and mulching. In the past, animal power and plows were used, mainly buffalo plows, but now more machine plows are used.

2. Seedling cultivation

Farmers first plant rice seedlings in a plot of land, usually called a nursery. After planting rice, most farmers sprinkle a layer of rice husk ash on the soil. In modern times, specialized seedling centers use seedling boxes to grow rice seedlings. Good seedlings are the key to successful rice production. When the seedlings are about 8 cm tall, they can be transplanted.

3. Transplanting

The rice seedlings are carefully inserted into the rice field with orderly spacing. The traditional method of transplanting rice seedlings is to mark the rice field with ropes, markers or wheels. When transplanting rice seedlings by hand, a rice seedling cutter is worn on the thumb of the left hand to help farmers separate the rice seedlings and insert them into the soil. The climate for transplanting is very important, and heavy rains can damage the seedlings. There are many modern rice transplanters, but manual transplanting is still required in paddy fields with large undulations and irregular shapes. The seedlings tend to go north and south. Throwing rice seedlings is more convenient.

4. Weed and insect control

As the seedlings grow, they need to be cared for, weeded, and sometimes pesticides are needed to kill pests (such as golden apple snails).

5. Fertilization

The tillering stage is when the rice seedlings grow the first rice stem. During this period, fertilizers are often needed to make the rice seedlings grow healthily and promote the fullness and quantity of future rice quality.

6. Irrigation and drainage

Rice is more dependent on this procedure. Upland rice is cultivated in dry fields, and the irrigation and drainage process is different, but generally it is necessary to increase water irrigation after transplanting, when the young ears are formed, and during the heading and flowering stages.

7. Harvest

When the rice ears hang down and are golden and full, we can start harvesting. In the past, farmers cut the rice ears one by one with sickles, tied them up, and used threshers to separate the rice ears. Modern harvesters have harvesters that roll the rice ears in and directly separate them from the rice stalks, and each rice ear becomes rice grain.

Deep water lotus planting How to plant lotus in deep water

Lotus Planting- 1. Seed Propagation

Seed propagation saves planting lotus roots, labor, and funds, is convenient to transport, simple to operate, and has strong vitality after planting. It can also be rapidly propagated over a large area. However, seedlings are prone to mutation and cannot maintain the good traits of the variety, so they are generally used to cultivate new varieties.

As early as the 6th century, Jia Sixie's "Qimin Yaoshu" recorded in detail the "method of planting lotus seeds". There are three key points: first, the lotus seeds for sowing must be picked when the peel is black and fully mature; second, the lotus seeds must be processed to break the hard peel tissue to facilitate water infiltration and promote germination without damaging the lotus flesh; third, before sowing in the pond, each lotus seed is wrapped with a thick ball of mud to prevent the lotus seeds from drifting after sinking. Once sprouted, the young roots go straight into the mud. The whole set of basic techniques is still used today.

Lotus seeds are long-lived seeds with no dormancy period. As long as they are mature, they can be picked, selected and sown at any time. They can also be used for sowing and reproduction after several years, decades or even hundreds or thousands of years. The condition is that only mature lotus seeds can be used for sowing. The lotus peel is hard and sealed, which is a self-protection device to continue the adaptation of offspring to adverse environments. The red lotus in the big lake has not been extinct despite frequent natural disasters of floods and droughts. This is because the tens of thousands of lotus seeds scattered in the lake are undoubtedly "natural sowing". Once the environmental conditions improve, new life will quietly rise. In 1954, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were flooded, and 30,000hm2 of lotus in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, suffered a devastating disaster. After 1958, the lotus seeds in the lake sprouted in large numbers, and green leaves appeared again. The wild lotus in the Heilongjiang River Basin and along its tributaries has been able to survive from ancient times to the present day because of the unique natural derivation and inheritance of lotus seeds.

(1) Live broadcast of lake ponds There is a 2.46 hm2 lake pond in Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Park. In the spring of 1981, lotus seeds from red and white lotus seeds produced in Hongze Lake were broken and soaked, and then sown in a lakeside sowing belt with a water depth of 10 cm and a width of 2-3 m in mid-April. New roots and young leaves grew out after 5-7 days, and floating leaves emerged from the water in early May. For floating lotus seedlings, they were replanted at a spacing of 0.6-1.0 m. After the leaves stand up, the water level was raised by 0.3-0.5 m. Weeds were removed at any time during the seedling stage to prevent aphids. The first lotus flower bloomed in late June, and from mid-July to late August, the pond was full of red and white flowers. In the same year, 24,750 lotus pods were produced, and 150 kg of lotus seeds were harvested. The cost of sowing and propagation was 26.7% of that of propagating with seed lotus roots in the same year. The effect of sowing, flowering, fruiting and producing lotus roots in the same year was achieved. This method is suitable for medium shallow lakes and ponds, and is used when growing large lotus plants with few petals.

(2) Seedling transplanting In Baoying County, Jiangsu Province, the following method is: In late March, the lotus seeds with peels treated are poured into containers, moved to a sunny place indoors, and soaked in warm water (25-30℃) to allow the lotus seeds to fully swell. The water is changed once a day. After 3-4 days, they are moved to a 25-30℃ incubator for germination. After 5-6 days, young roots grow, and then they are moved to a plastic greenhouse for seedling cultivation. When the lotus seedlings grow 3 young leaves, they are planted in a fertile paddy field with a row spacing of 8-12cm. The soil is leveled to make them transition to self-sustaining and cultivate strong seedlings. In mid-to-late May, when the temperature rises above 20℃, the lotus fields can be transplanted with soil. The land of the lotus field should be leveled, the base fertilizer should be sufficient, and the water should be shallow at the beginning. The water level should be gradually deepened as the lotus seedlings grow. The seed rate is 0.5-0.75kg per 667 m2. The new district of the county has developed lotus root production, using seed propagation to solve the problem of seed lotus root's intolerance to long-distance transportation, saving initial planting funds. In particular, early seedling cultivation, as long as the technical measures are appropriate and the management is meticulous, a certain yield can be achieved in the same year. The Hubei Fisheries Research Institute once used seed lotus ('Hong Jianlian') seedling transplanting experiment, transplanting 'Hong Jianlian' in a fertile fish pond with an area of ​​1.27 hm2, sowing 14,000 seedlings (an average of more than 700 per 667 m2), and achieved a high yield record of 29 kg of lotus seeds per 667 m2 that year.

(3) Potted sowing and breeding of new varieties should be combined. It is advisable to sow lotus seeds with small plant types. In the Yangtze River Basin, sowing can be done from late April to late August. Regardless of early or late sowing, some varieties can bloom in the same year.

Before sowing, the bottom of the lotus seeds should be cut, but the cotyledons should not be damaged. The seeds should be soaked and germinated at room temperature. They will germinate in about 5 days, and 2-3 tender leaves will grow in about 20 days. At the same time, they will have young roots, and can be sown in an open-air mud pot. When the temperature is suitable (20-24℃), when the soaked seeds germinate and turn green, they can be sown in advance and all seedlings can be obtained.

A non-porous flower pot (14-17cm in diameter) for sowing is filled with fertile pond mud, the depth of which is 3/5 of the height of the pot. Place the lotus seeds horizontally on the edge of the flower pot and gently press them into the mud, leaving the peel slightly exposed. After one or two days, the lotus seedlings are fixed in the mud and then a small amount of water is added. At this time, if the petioles of the young leaves are scorched by the sun, as long as the new buds are green, they can still grow leaves again. As the seedlings grow gradually, the water level should be continuously increased.

Large seeding pots do not need to be transplanted. Smaller ones (less than 14cm in diameter) should be transplanted in a larger pot than the original pot after 2-3 leaves grow out. Transplanting can promote flowering in the same year. On June 28, 1982, Wuhan East Lake Lotus Plant transplanted 15 seeding pots of varieties such as 'Jinbianlian', 'Wawalian', 'Fenwanlian', 'Yuwan', and 'Xinghua Chunyu'. In mid-September of that year, 12 pots, accounting for 80%, bloomed. Of the 65 pots that were not transplanted, only 29 pots bloomed, accounting for 40%. The transplanting method is simple. First, fill the new pot with a small amount of fertile mud, then quickly move the pot with mud to the center of the new pot. Be careful not to break the new leaves. Fill the gaps in the pot with thin mud. After transplanting, directly irrigate with water, and the survival rate reaches 100%.

Lotus Planting - 2. Lotus root propagation

There are three types of lotus roots: main lotus root, sub-lottery lotus root and grand-lottery lotus root. As long as they have a complete and intact terminal bud (thatched head), two internodes and tail end, are fresh and free of pests and diseases, they can be used as seeds. Lotus root farmers are accustomed to using the whole lotus root or main lotus root as seeds, with a dosage of about 250 kg per 667 m2, accounting for about 1/4 of the output, which seriously affects the promotion of improved varieties and economic benefits. In fact, sub-lottery lotus root and grand-lottery lotus root are both suitable for seeds, and their yield and number of flowers are not inferior to those of the whole lotus root or main lotus root. The time for dividing lotus roots should be adapted to local conditions. There is a great difference in latitude between north and south in my country, and the difference in the early and late spring is quite large. The most suitable time in the Yangtze River Basin is around "Qingming Festival". During this period, the temperature is basically stable at around 15℃, and the terminal buds of lotus roots begin to sprout. The agricultural proverb says: "On March 3 (referring to the lunar calendar), the lotus roots sprout" which scientifically reflects this phenological phenomenon of lotus. In the Yellow River Basin, it should be around April 10. In Harbin, Heilongjiang, the temperature did not rise to above 13°C until after May 1st, so the best time to divide lotus roots was around May 10. In Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong, the weather was bright and sunny during the Spring Festival, so the best time to divide lotus roots was in early to mid-March.

When planting lotus, propagation and cultivation are often carried out in parallel. For the fields where lotus roots and seed lotuses are planted, the land should be carefully prepared, with two plows and two harrows. Combined with plowing and harrowing, 3000-4000kg of animal manure, or 100kg of cake fertilizer plus 1000kg of animal manure, or 40kg of lotus root coating special fertilizer plus 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate should be applied per 667 m2. For seed lotuses, 170-200 lotus roots are used per 667 m2, and each has one terminal bud. The seeds are not calculated by weight like lotus roots. One lotus root is planted in one hole, and the row spacing is 1.6m×1.6m or 2.0cm×1.6m. The specific operation is to insert the lotus root branch obliquely into the mud at an angle of 20°-25° to a depth of 10-15cm, ensuring that the terminal buds and side buds are completely covered, with only the tail end sticking out of the mud. The relative method is used for planting, that is, the lotus heads and tails are placed in a row upside down, with only the two rows of lotus heads in the middle of the field facing each other. The lotus heads around the edge of the field are all facing inward, leaving a spacing of 1.5-2m along the edge so that the lotus heads can be turned into the field in time before the lotus whips extend to the edge of the field in the future. The three-pot method is used for planting three lotus roots in one hole, with the lotus heads radiating outward in a fan shape, and the others are arranged in a relative manner. The methods for planting seed lotus, lotus root lotus, and flower lotus in fields and ponds are basically the same.

Lotus is mostly planted in ponds. Ponds with a water depth of more than 1.4m are generally not suitable for planting lotus, unless you have a species that is particularly tolerant to deep water. When converting a fish pond with a water depth of less than 1m to plant lotus, you should first pump out the water to catch fish and poison the golden apple snails and crayfish. Leave shallow water and plow the pond mud. If the soil is poor, you should also apply base fertilizer, with 1000kg of decomposed animal manure per 667 m2. Choose varieties that are more resistant to deep water, such as the red varieties of 'Qingling Honglian', 'Xihu Honglian', 'Xuanwu Honglian', 'Bi Xue Dan Xin', 'Yan Yang Tian', 'Hong Qianye', 'Guangchang Lian', 'Chun Bu Lao', etc.; the pink flower varieties of 'Fenchuantai', 'Bayi Lian', 'Xi Xiao Yan Kai', 'Ze Pan Ying Xue', 'Da Jin', 'Xiao Feng Liang Yue', 'Hongtai Lian', etc.; the white flower varieties of 'Bai Xianglian', 'Yi Zhang Qing', 'Bai Tiane', 'Ye Ming Zhu', 'Chu Tian Xiang Yun', 'Bi Lian', 'Bai Qianye', 'Qian Ling Bai He', 'Bai Hai Lian', 'Chongban Yi Zhang Qing', etc. In a small pond, one variety can be planted in one pond, and in a slightly larger pond, multiple varieties can be mixed to form a colorful landscape. The planting density is more flexible than that of cultivating seed lotus and lotus root. Generally, one lotus root (main lotus root or sub-lottery lotus root) is planted for every 2m2. If you want to see results in the same year, you should plant densely, with a maximum of 500 lotus roots per 667m2. If the pond is large and there are few lotus roots, the planting density should still not be less than 1 root per 3m2. You can plant half a pond or 1/3 of the pond or less first and let it grow. After two or three years, the pond will naturally be full of lotus flowers.

The propagation of potted lotus is often combined with repotting and seed cleaning. Choose a suitable container before dividing the lotus roots. For large and medium-sized varieties, use flat-bottomed pots, generally with a diameter of 35-60cm, and plant 2-3 lotus roots in one pot. For a large pot with a diameter of 1m, plant 4-5 lotus roots in one pot. Bowl lotus is planted in a non-hole flowerpot, glazed bowl or porcelain bowl, with a diameter of 17-24cm, and 1-2 lotus roots per pot. Some medium-sized varieties, such as 'Yan Yang Tian', 'Xiao Xia', 'Da Jin', etc., have great plasticity and can bloom when planted in containers of different sizes. However, most large-sized varieties rarely bloom when planted in pots, and are even less suitable for potted plants. For example, once 'Fen Shi Ba' and 'Su Bai Lian' are put into the pond, they are like loose bundles, with stretched stems and leaves and pretty branches. The same is true for the medium-sized 'Huang Lian Hua'. When planted in a pot, it blooms very little, but when planted in a pond, it blooms brilliantly. When using a substrate, lake mud rich in organic matter is the best. For pot planting, proper amount of decomposed cake fertilizer or animal manure fertilizer should be added, and base fertilizer is not necessary. The mud layer is 3/5 of the depth of the container, and water is applied to make it a thin paste. When planting, the top bud is facing downward, and it is inserted obliquely into the mud along the edge of the pot, with the tail section raised and exposed outside the mud. If two seed lotus roots are planted, the other one is inserted obliquely into the mud with the head and tail of the lotus root connected equidistantly along the edge of the pot. Do not water within 1-2 days after planting, and only water a small amount after the mud is slightly dry and the lotus root body is fixed. Seed lotus roots that cannot be planted at once or left for the nursery should be tied up and labeled according to varieties, and put into the pool or ditch for "temporary planting". If you do not want to have many flowers in the same year, but aim to increase the seed lotus root coefficient, you can use a large container and use granddaughter lotus roots as propagation materials. Because granddaughter lotus roots are small, bloom late, have sparse flowers, consume less nutrients, and have many underground stem branches. Then, in the middle of the growth period (late June), 400×10-6 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indolebutyric acid (IBA) and other plant cell division hormones are irrigated. Such treatment can achieve the effect of doubling the underground stems of most varieties of water lilies.

Lotus Planting- 1. Seed Propagation

Seed propagation saves planting lotus roots, labor, and funds, is convenient to transport, simple to operate, and has strong vitality after planting. It can also be rapidly propagated over a large area. However, seedlings are prone to mutation and cannot maintain the good traits of the variety, so they are generally used to cultivate new varieties.

As early as the 6th century, Jia Sixie's "Qimin Yaoshu" recorded in detail the "method of planting lotus seeds". There are three key points: first, the lotus seeds for sowing must be picked when the peel is black and fully mature; second, the lotus seeds must be processed to break the hard peel tissue to facilitate water infiltration and promote germination without damaging the lotus flesh; third, before sowing in the pond, each lotus seed is wrapped with a thick ball of mud to prevent the lotus seeds from drifting after sinking. Once sprouted, the young roots go straight into the mud. The whole set of basic techniques is still used today.

Lotus seeds are long-lived seeds with no dormancy period. As long as they are mature, they can be picked, selected and sown at any time. They can also be used for sowing and reproduction after several years, decades or even hundreds or thousands of years. The condition is that only mature lotus seeds can be used for sowing. The lotus peel is hard and sealed, which is a self-protection device to continue the adaptation of offspring to adverse environments. The red lotus in the big lake has not been extinct despite frequent natural disasters of floods and droughts. This is because the tens of thousands of lotus seeds scattered in the lake are undoubtedly "natural sowing". Once the environmental conditions improve, new life will quietly rise. In 1954, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were flooded, and 30,000hm2 of lotus in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, suffered a devastating disaster. After 1958, the lotus seeds in the lake sprouted in large numbers, and green leaves appeared again. The wild lotus in the Heilongjiang River Basin and along its tributaries has been able to survive from ancient times to the present day because of the unique natural derivation and inheritance of lotus seeds.