CATDOLL : CATDOLL: What do carp eat during farming?

You can feed them high-protein feeds such as bean cakes, silkworm pupae, fish meal, etc. At the same time, pay attention to adjusting the water quality during the breeding process, often add fresh water, and maintain micro-flowing water to stimulate gonad development.

Bait formula

1. Crush bean cake and sesame cake, add appropriate amount of flour, and mix with water;

2. Mix flour, milk powder, broad bean powder and egg yolk essence with water in a ratio of 5:1;

3. Mix the spices according to the ratio of sunflower cake: soybean cake: rapeseed cake: corn flour: flour = 3:3:1:2.5:0.5;

4. Bad food bait is one of the best baits for fishing carp;

5. Mix 75% of fried green bean cakes, 10% of fried chicken feed, and 10% of a large bag of rice residue in a proper proportion, blanch them with boiling water, and steam them until cooked.

Carp, also known as carp crooked fish, carp, hairy fish, red fish in Chinese. It is a strong brown fish in the Cyprinidae family. Its scientific name is Cyprinus carpio. It is native to Asia and later introduced to Europe, North America and other regions. It is omnivorous.

Carp has large scales and two whiskers on each side of the upper jaw. They live alone or in small groups in calm ponds, lakes, and rivers with muddy bottoms covered with aquatic plants. They have the habit of migrating in places with small bodies of water.

Additional information:

Carp living habits:

Carp is a bottom-dwelling omnivorous fish that eats both meat and vegetables. It has a wide range of food, a well-developed snout, and often digs mud to feed. Carp is also a low-level cold-blooded animal, whose body temperature changes with the water temperature. It does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of food it needs to eat is not large.

At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, is a stomachless fish with a short and thin intestine and a fast metabolism, so its feeding habits are to eat less and eat more frequently. The digestive function of carp is closely related to water temperature, and its feeding is highly seasonal.

In winter (especially under the ice), they are basically in a semi-dormant state and do not eat. The body fat is consumed in the winter. When spring comes, they are eager to eat high-protein food to replenish it. In late autumn, when winter is approaching, there will be a peak period of "grabbing food" in order to accumulate fat, and high-protein bait is also the main food. Therefore, when fishing for carp in early spring and late autumn, animal baits such as earthworms and river shrimps should be used as the main food.

After spring, as the temperature rises, fish eat more food, and the quality of bait is no longer important, but the quantity becomes the most important. Therefore, during a long period of late spring, the entire summer, and early autumn, carp mainly eat vegetarian food. When fishing at this time, you should use flour bait, fermented food, etc.

Although carp is a bottom-dwelling fish, it does not mean that its activity area is fixed. Seasonal changes, water temperature, wind speed and direction, air pressure, the change of the moon and the moon, water quality, water flow, water level, dissolved oxygen in the water, bait environment, etc., can change the fish's activity area at any time, causing them to move to a large extent. If they are in a larger water area, this is called "migration".

Compared with other freshwater fish, carp has both common and special habits, which are mainly determined by the need for reproduction, foraging, and the need to seek oxygen for survival.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia: Carp

Carp mainly feeds on the bottom of the water. They are omnivorous and have a very wide diet. They will eat almost anything that moves in the water and can be eaten. The following are the most common foods that carp like to eat.

earthworm

Earthworms are a universal bait in the eyes of many anglers, and almost all kinds of fish like to eat them. In order to highlight its status, earthworms are listed separately.

2. Fish and shrimp

Various small fish and shrimps, especially small river shrimps, are carp's favorites.

3. Terrestrial Insects

Bamboo leaf insects, leeches, various silkworms, dragonflies, mosquitoes, flies, etc.

4. Aquatic Insects

Such as red worms (chironomid larvae), dragonfly larvae, etc.

5. Food crops

Corn, sweet potato, wheat, sorghum, rice, etc., and their derivatives (such as flour, rice, wheat bran, etc.).

6. Shellfish

Such as snails, clams, mussels, white clams and so on.

7. Various meats

Such as pork, beef, mutton, etc., as well as their offal. Especially mutton liver, chicken liver, chicken intestines, etc., are all carp's favorites.

Additional information:

Survival habits of carp

Carp is a bottom-dwelling omnivorous fish that eats both meat and vegetables. It has a wide range of food sources, a well-developed snout, and often digs mud to feed. Carp is also a low-level cold-blooded animal, whose body temperature changes with the water temperature. It does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of food it needs to eat is not large. At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, is a stomachless fish, and has a short and thin intestine and a fast metabolism, so its feeding habits are to eat less and eat more frequently. The digestive function of carp is closely related to the water temperature, and its feeding is very seasonal.

In winter (especially under the ice), they are basically in a semi-dormant state and do not eat. The body fat is consumed in the winter. When spring comes, they are eager to eat high-protein food to replenish it. In late autumn, when winter is approaching, there will be a peak period of "grabbing food" in order to accumulate fat, and high-protein bait is also the main food. Therefore, when fishing for carp in early spring and late autumn, animal baits such as earthworms and river shrimps should be used as the main food.

After spring, as the temperature rises, fish eat more food, and the quality of bait is no longer important, but the quantity becomes the most important. Therefore, during a long period of late spring, the entire summer, and early autumn, carp mainly eat vegetarian food. When fishing at this time, you should use flour bait, fermented food, etc.

Although carp is a bottom-dwelling fish, it does not mean that its activity area is fixed. Seasonal changes, water temperature, wind speed and direction, air pressure, the change of the moon and the full moon, water quality, water flow, water level, dissolved oxygen, bait environment, etc., will change the fish's activity area at any time, causing them to move to a large extent. If they are in a larger water area, this is called "migration". Compared with other freshwater fish, carp has common habits and special habits. These habits are mainly determined by the need for reproduction, the need for feeding, and the need to seek oxygen for survival.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Carp

Carp can eat during the breeding process: bean cake, sesame cake crushed, add appropriate amount of flour, bait mixed with water. Flour, milk powder, broad bean powder, egg yolk essence in a ratio of 5:1 and mix with water. Mix the spices according to the ratio of sunflower cake: soybean cake: rapeseed cake: corn flour: flour = 3:3:1:2.5:0.5.

Well-mixed fermented food bait is one of the best baits for fishing carp: 75% fried green bean cakes, 10% fried chicken feed, and 10% large bag of rice residue. Mix them in the right proportions, blanch them with boiling water, and steam them in a pot.

For carp-based farming, carp of different sizes can be put in batches to facilitate rotation of catch and release. This model mainly feeds compound feed with more than 30% crude protein, 4-6 times/day, and a feeding rate of 3%-8%. In addition to the traditional eight-character essence of water, species, bait, density, mixing, rotation, prevention, and management, the management points also include the new ten-character principle: excellent species, fine feed, good water, and meticulous management.

This means that before breeding, the carp species should be selected with high quality. During the carp breeding process, the feed should be selected with good quality. The environment in which the carp grows, especially the water quality, should be properly managed. In addition, the carp should be carefully cared for, and the weather changes and the health status of the carp should be paid attention to at any time so as to make timely adjustments.

Additional information:

In winter, carp hibernates, sinks to the bottom of the river, and eats nothing. Carp is a low-isotherm animal. Its body temperature changes with the water temperature. It does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of food required is not large. At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, is a gastric fish with a short intestine and a fast metabolism. Therefore, its eating habit is to eat less.

The digestive function of carp is closely related to water temperature, and the seasonal feeding ability is strong. In winter (especially under ice), they are basically in a semi-dormant state, and their body fat is depleted in winter. When spring comes, they are eager to eat high-protein food to replenish it. In late autumn and the approach of winter, in order to accumulate fat, there will be a peak period of "grabbing", which is also mainly high-protein bait.

Therefore, when fishing for carp in early spring and late autumn, the main animal bait is earthworms and river shrimps. After spring, as the temperature rises, the fish's food intake increases, and the quality of bait is no longer the main thing, and the quantity of bait rises to the first place. Therefore, in late spring, throughout the summer, and early autumn, for a considerable period of time, carp is mainly vegetarian.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Carp

The current pond carp farming can be summarized into three breeding modes.

First, it is a two-year grow-out process, that is, the fry are grown into fingerlings weighing 100 to 250 grams in the first year, and the fingerlings are grown into commercial carp in the second year. The yield per mu is usually around 1,000 kilograms.

The second method is annual cultivation, which means that carp fry are grown to 400 to 500 grams from June to December of the previous year, and then overwintered, and then grown into commercial carp for sale in June of the following year. The time from fry to cultivation is one year, and this method is mostly used in suburban areas with high production levels.

The third method is to raise carp in the same year, that is, to release carp eggs or carp slices in June, and then raise commercial carp in November of the same year. This method has high technical content and requires intensive feeding of carp, so it is rarely used.

Carp farming technology

Carp is an economic fish of the order Cypriniformes, family Cyprinidae, and genus Cyprinus. It is distributed throughout the country and is one of the most important farmed fish species in my country. Common varieties include local varieties such as scaled carp, mirror carp, red carp, and purse carp, as well as excellent varieties such as Fengli, Yingli, Jianli, and all-female carp.

Biological characteristics

1. Morphological characteristics

The fish body is spindle-shaped and slightly flat, with a gray-black back, a light white or light gray belly, and golden yellow below the lateral line and near the caudal peduncle (body color varies depending on the species, including golden yellow, orange-red, pink, etc.). The mouth is terminal, horseshoe-shaped, with two pairs of tentacles, and the mandibular barbels are about twice as long as the snout barbels. The scales are relatively large. The individual is relatively large, with a common weight of 0.5 to 2.5 kg, and the largest can reach more than 15 kg.

2. Food Habits and Growth

Carp is an omnivorous bottom fish. Fry under 3 cm in length mainly feed on rotifers and small cladocerans. Fry over 3 cm in length mainly feed on cladocerans, radial ceratosaurus, rocky larvae and other insect larvae. Fry over 20 cm in length mainly feed on rocky worms and ciliates. Fry over one year old feed on bottom dwellings such as insects, snails and aquatic plant fragments. Others such as algae are also often found in the intestines. Due to their omnivorous diet and wide range of food, they do not require high living conditions and grow fast. Generally, they can reach commercial specifications at the second age. If they are fed with compound feed, they can reach commercial specifications at the first age.

3. Living habits

Carp like to live in the lower layer of water, and the most suitable water temperature for growth is 25-32℃. When the temperature is higher than 32℃ or lower than 15℃, the growth rate will be significantly slowed down, and it will stop eating when the temperature is lower than 10℃. The suitable dissolved oxygen content is above 4.5mg/l. If it is lower than 2mg/l, it will eat less, and if it is 1mg/l, it will stop eating and float.

4. Reproduction characteristics

Generally, they mature sexually at the second instar, and some individuals can also mature at the first instar. The spawning season varies with the region, and spawning can be done from March to August (with the peak period from April to June), and it is a batch spawning type. The spawning grounds are mostly in shallow lake bays or river bays with dense aquatic plants. The eggs are very sticky and firmly adhere to the aquatic plants after they are laid. The number of eggs varies depending on age and individual size, ranging from 150,000 to 800,000. After the eggs are laid, they can hatch and emerge in 4-6 days at a water temperature of 15-20℃.

Reproduction

1. Selection and breeding of parent carp

1 Selection criteria: good body shape, strong activity and no injuries, body length to height ratio of 3:1, with typical breed characteristics. Female fish should be at least 2 winters old and weigh 1.5kg, and male fish should be 2 winters old and weigh more than 1kg. Carp in the initial sexual maturity and aging period have poor egg carrying capacity and egg quality, so they are not suitable for broodstock.

2. Gender identification

Non-reproductive season: The female fish has a broad body, high back, small head, large and soft abdomen, small and wide pectoral and pelvic fins, a flat or slightly protruding cloaca with radial folds; the male fish has a long and narrow body, a large head, a small and hard abdomen, large and long and pointed pectoral and pelvic fins, and a slightly concave anus without parallel wrinkles.

Reproductive season: The female fish has a soft, round sac-shaped belly, with a larger anus and genital opening that are slightly red and prominent; the male fish has a smaller belly, and the gill covers, pectoral and pelvic fins have obvious secondary sexual characteristics of "chasing stars". The anus and genital opening are concave and not red or swollen, and milky white semen will flow out if the abdomen is pressed lightly.

3. Feeding and management

(1) Breeding: The broodstock breeding pond is 1-2 mu, with a water depth of about 1.2 meters, sheltered from the wind and facing the sun, with convenient drainage and 150-200 kg per mu. During artificial breeding, males and females should be separated to prevent them from mating and spawning on their own. Disinfect with quicklime or bleaching powder before release.

(2) Management: Strengthen the cultivation of broodstock carp, and feed them high-protein feeds such as bean cakes, silkworm pupae, and fish meal. In recent years, some manufacturers have developed broodstock feeds that are rich in vitamins and other vitamins, which can promote development and improve stress resistance, with good results. At the same time, during the breeding process, pay attention to regulating the water quality, often add fresh water, and maintain micro-flowing water to stimulate the development of gonads.

2. Induction and incubation

1. Timing of inducing labor: When the water temperature rises and stabilizes above 16°C, labor can be induced. Usually, during the period from Qingming to Guyu, after the cold wave, when the temperature rises and stabilizes, labor can be induced.

2. Methods of inducing labor

(1) Natural spawning is a very common method because of its small investment and scale.

a Spawning pond: 0.5-1 mu in area, 1.2 meters deep, any pond with convenient drainage and filling. Fish can be released one week after disinfection with quicklime.

b. Artificial fish nest: used to attach fish eggs. Choose soft, tough, non-toxic, and non-perishable materials, such as pine branches, palm leaves, polyethylene sheets (woven bags), poplar roots, etc., and clean, tie, and disinfect (0.3‰ formaldehyde or malachite green) before use. Rice straw is not suitable for fish nests because it is easy to rot.

c Hatching pond: It can also be used as a fry breeding pond. It should be small (1-2 mu), with little silt, 1 meter deep and disinfected. The inlet and outlet should be filtered with dense mesh to prevent impurities from entering the pond and fry from escaping.

d. Pooling and spawning: Pool 35-30 groups of mature parent carp at a ratio of 1:1-1.5, and slowly add new water. At the same time, pull 1-8 thin wires on the water surface, and hang artificial fish nests on the wires (or break a bamboo into two and sandwich it in the middle and place it on the water surface). Usually, each group of parent fish should be equipped with 4-6 fish nests.

e Management: Generally, spawning occurs between 22:00 and 9:00 and lasts for 2-3 days. Therefore, the fish nests should be checked and cleaned every afternoon, and the fish nests with eggs should be moved to the hatching pond, and new fish nests should be added at the same time. If spawning is not good after merging the ponds, the water level can be lowered to allow sunlight to shine, more ve can be added to the feed, or micro-flow water can be used for stimulation. In order to ensure the uniformity of the fry, the eggs of the same day should be incubated together, which can also prevent the increase of blind eggs due to the adhesion of the eggs.

(2) Artificial induction of spawning: commonly seen in fish farms

A injection of oxytocin: 600-1000IU of artificial chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or 30-50 micrograms of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LRH-A) are used per kg of female fish, or they can be mixed and used in reduced doses. The dose for male fish is halved. Generally, it is injected into the chest cavity at the base of the pectoral fin at 6 pm on a sunny day according to the predetermined dose, and then moved to the spawning pool and filled with fresh water for half an hour. After 6-15 hours when the water temperature reaches 18℃, the fish can estrus and lay eggs (the higher the water temperature, the shorter the effect time, and vice versa).

b. Spawning and fertilization: After induced spawning, the broodstock can spawn in the pond by themselves, using the same method as (1). If artificial egg collection is required, the broodstock can be picked up before the climax of estrus, and the water from the fish body can be wiped off with a towel. The eggs can be squeezed into a dry porcelain basin, and semen can be quickly squeezed in. Stir with a feather to allow for full fertilization, and then the fertilized eggs can be evenly spread on the fish nest and placed in the hatching pond for incubation. Alternatively, the broodstock can be debonded with talcum powder solution and then hatched in running water. When the water temperature is 16-22℃, the fry will emerge in 3-5 days.

3 Management:

(1) Natural hatching: 300,000 to 500,000 fertilized eggs are placed in each acre of pond. Eggs of the same day should be placed together to ensure uniform size of the fry. Special attention should be paid to preventing Saprolegniasis. The fish nests with eggs can be pre-soaked with 0.3‰ formaldehyde or malachite green. (2) Debonding hatching: The key is to adjust the water flow rate so that the eggs do not sink but are suspended in the water. At the same time, the sand window should be prevented from being blocked. When the fry are hatched, the flow rate should be slightly reduced to prevent the water flow from being too fast and consuming the fry's physical strength.

Improving the hatching rate is the key to artificial breeding. The main reasons that affect the hatching rate are sudden weather changes during the spawning period, poor water quality, low dissolved oxygen, and fish eggs being parasitized by mold, etc. Efforts should be made to prevent these harms.

Seedling cultivation

It is divided into the cultivation of summer flowers and standard fish species.

1. Summer flower cultivation

1. Pond preparation: Select an area of ​​1-2 mu, with a water depth of 0.8-1.2 meters, less silt, and an east-west fish pond. Clean and disinfect it according to conventional methods.

2 Fertilization (also known as putting fertilizer water into the pond): 7-10 days before the fry are put into the pond, fermented manure can be applied, such as 150-300kg/mu (about 5 picks) of pig and cow manure, or 5-10kg/mu of inorganic fertilizer (chemical fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, etc.), and quicklime disinfection (dosage 150kg/mu) can be carried out at the same time. A week later, the fry are put into the pond at the peak period of rotifers, and the fry have sufficient palatable bait and grow healthily.

3. Release the fry: Before releasing the fry, use a fine mesh net to remove weeds. You can also release 50-80 cheap silver carp fry to test the water. Once everything is safe, you can release the fish, 100,000 to 250,000 fry per mu.

4. Put the fish fry into the pond with clean water: do not apply base fertilizer, but put them directly into the pond. This method is because there are less palatable bait rotifers in the water and there is not enough for the fish fry to eat, so the fish fry are weak and the survival rate is low.

5. Management:

(1) Timely feeding: After the fry enter the pond, they grow very fast in the first few days, and there is often a shortage of natural bait. Therefore, attention should be paid to feeding. Soybeans and cooked egg yolks are often used to make a paste and sprinkle it on the fish. Every day, 2-4 kg of soybeans and 3-5 cooked egg yolks are ground into a paste and immediately sprinkled on the fish, focusing on the water surface a few meters near the edge of the pond. You can also sprinkle filtered fresh pig blood every three days. Soybean milk can be directly consumed by the fry, and it can also improve the water quality and enrich the natural bait. At present, there is also fish fry feed circulating on the market, which is in the form of microcapsules or powder. It can be fed from 6 to 8 minutes. It can not only supplement the food, but also induce the fry to scramble for food, thereby promoting the development of the digestive tract, which is beneficial to improving the survival rate and strengthening the fry.

(2) Topdressing and water management: Topdressing is done every three days to keep the rotifers in the water at a high level. You can also draw some water from the fatter adult fish pond and add it to the fry pond every day to provide natural bait for the fry and prevent the occurrence of bubble disease caused by adding too much water from the well. 1/3-1/2 of the water should be changed every week.

(3) Careful observation: During the fry cultivation process, inspections should be strengthened. Observe their activities, feeding, growth, changes in water quality, and the presence of predators, diseases, etc. At the same time, the fry should be divided into ponds in a timely manner to prevent overcrowding resulting in uneven sizes. If necessary, it is necessary to use nets to exercise the fry to enhance their endurance.

Second-standard fish breeding: After summer flower breeding, the length and weight of the fry increase many times, and their adaptability is also greatly enhanced. The change in feeding habits has the characteristics of the species and they begin to like fine feed, so they should be smoothly transitioned to eating compound feed as soon as possible. The breeding methods are:

1 Single culture method: select a disinfected pond of 2-4 mu, 1-1.5 mu water depth, put 3000-6000 summer flower fish fingerlings/mu, feed compound feed or a mixture of bean cake, silkworm pupae, and fish meal, the protein content of the feed is required to be more than 35%, 8-12 times a day, and the feeding rate is 5-8%.

2. Mixed culture method: Mix carp with other fish species, carp can be the main or supplementary. If carp is the main species, feed should be increased. If silver carp is the main species, water quality can be properly cultivated. If grass carp is the main species, carp should be put in less.

3. Feeding and management

(1) The earlier the fry start to eat, the earlier they start to grow and the better they will grow. We should strive to make a smooth transition to feeding with complete formula feed as early as possible.

(2) Pay close attention to the early stages of the growth of the most edible fish (especially from the age of one inch to 25-30). Their length and weight increase rapidly and they require more feed. At this time, feeding should be increased. Some fishermen feed more than 10% of the fish during this period.

(3) Feeding should be based on the “four rules” of fixed quality, fixed time, fixed location and fixed quantity, and the fish should be fed according to their feeding rhythm.

(4) Daily management involves "three inspections and four checks" in the morning, noon and evening to understand the climate, fish conditions and disease conditions to maintain rapid fish growth. At the same time, water should be added regularly and flood prevention and escape prevention measures should be taken.

Fish farming

Carp is widely distributed and can be farmed in many ways, such as ponds, cages, flowing water, fences, rice fields, and mountain ponds. Pond farming is introduced here, and readers are advised to refer to relevant books for other farming methods.

1. Carp-based farming model

There is no limit to the size of the fish pond, but the bait coefficient of a large pond will be higher. The water depth is 1.2-1.5 meters. Carp of different sizes can also be released in stages and batches to facilitate rotation of capture and release.

This model mainly feeds compound feed, with crude protein of more than 30%, 4-6 times/day, and feeding rate of 3-8%. In addition to the traditional eight-character essence of "water, seeds, bait, density, mixing, rotation, prevention, and management", the management points also include the new "cross" principle: good seeds, fine feed, good water, and fine management. Although the first six characters of the new "cross" principle are similar to the old "eight-character" experience, the new era should include new content, either strengthening or supplementing. Here, the emphasis is on fine management, which requires that the feeding and management personnel should not neglect any link. Even if it is a penny of investment, its output must be calculated. Only in this way can high efficiency be guaranteed.

2. Stocking model with carp as a companion

1. The model mainly based on grass carp or bighead carp: grass carp or bighead carp 60%, carp 15%, silver carp and crucian carp 25% in total, suitable for areas with good water sources and abundant grass.

2. The model with silver carp as the main component is 50% silver carp, 15% carp, and 30% grass carp, bream and crucian carp, which is suitable for richer water bodies.

3. The pattern with spotted and tailed t as the main species is forktail t 60%, carp 10%, silver carp and bream 30%.

4. Crucian carp-based model: Crucian carp 60%, carp 10%, grass carp 10%, silver carp 20%

Fish disease prevention

1. Pox disease: Symptoms: In the early stage of the disease, the fish has small milky white spots on its body surface. When the disease worsens, the spots spread to the whole body. There are milky white waxy growths on the epidermis of the affected part. When the growths grow up, they fall off by themselves. Soon, new growths will grow. In mild cases, the growth will be affected, and in severe cases, the fish will die. Pathogen: Caused by herpes virus. Epidemiology: It mainly harms carp over one year old. It is common in autumn. It is not easy to cause death of fish. It mainly affects growth. Prevention and control: ① Thoroughly disinfect the fish pond and strictly disinfect the fish before entering the pond. ② Soak in cyanomycin aqueous solution for 3 consecutive days.

2. Furunculosis: Symptoms: Inflammation of the skin and muscle tissue on the back, which then ulcerates into abscesses, and feels swollen when touched. Inflammation, congestion, and congestion around the abscesses, erosion of the fins into a brush shape (also called broom fins by fishermen), and in severe cases, intestinal bleeding and inflammation. Pathogen: Furunculosis-type Aeromonas. Epidemiology: More common in mixed fish ponds dominated by silver carp. There is no typical season for the onset of the disease. It can occur all year round. Prevention and control: ① Thoroughly disinfect fish species, water bodies, and ponds; ② Be careful in operation to prevent fish injuries; ③ Use 80mg/kg of ciprofloxacin feed to make medicated bait for oral administration, combined with 1ppm bleaching powder for water disinfection, and use it for 3 consecutive days.

3. Gill rot (commonly known as Aconitum plague): Symptoms: Swimming alone, eating less, black body color, especially the head. Gill filaments rot, with silt, the epidermis inside the gill cover is congested, the epidermis in the middle part is corroded into a round or irregular transparent small window (also known as a skylight), and the gill filaments rot. Pathogen: Fish-harming Myxococcus. Epidemiology: It harms many kinds of fish, and the water temperature is most likely to break out at 20-32℃. This disease is rare in winter and often occurs with red skin and intestinal diseases. Prevention and control: ① Disinfect the water body with bleaching powder before the disease occurs, especially in high temperature seasons; ② Mix erythromycin 100mg/kg feed or enrofloxacin 80mg/kg feed for oral administration; ③ Spray oxytetracycline 0.1ppm to disinfect the pool water.

4. Vertical scale disease: Symptoms: The body surface of the diseased fish is rough, and some scales (mostly at the back of the fish body) open outward like pine cones, so it is called pine cone disease; translucent or bloody exudate accumulates in the scale capsule, causing the scales to stand upright, so it is also called scale standing disease. Use your fingers to apply a little pressure on the scales, and the exudate will spray out from under the scales, and the scales will fall off. Red ulcers will form at the place where the scales fall off, the eyeballs will bulge, and the abdomen will swell. After 2-3 days, it will finally die. Pathogen water type punctate polar hair rod. Epidemiology This disease mainly harms carp, crucian carp, grass carp, and silver carp. The disease has two epidemic periods: one is the spawning period of carp, and the other is the wintering period of carp; but generally the main epidemic season is from late April to early July. The mortality rate is 45%, and the highest can reach 85%. Prevention and control: ① Fish injury is the main cause of this disease. Be careful when pulling the net and other operations to prevent fish injury. ② Disinfection of fish, water and pond. ③ Feed the fish with 50-80mg/kg of oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline.

5. Enteritis: Symptoms: commonly known as intestinal rot. The abdomen of the diseased fish is swollen and red, and the anus is red and swollen and protruding like a volcano. In severe cases, the fins are also corroded and broken. When the fish abdomen is cut open, it can be seen that the abdominal cavity is filled with water and the intestinal wall is congested and inflamed. In mild cases, only the fore intestine or the hind intestine is red, and in severe cases, the whole intestine is purple-red; there is generally no food in the intestine, which contains a lot of light yellow mucus or blood pus. Pathogen: Intestinal type punctate aeromonas. Epidemiology It is very common in grass, green, and carp, with a high mortality rate, generally around 50%; this disease can show two obvious epidemic seasons in a year, with more frequent occurrences in May to June and August to September. This disease often occurs at the same time as bacterial gill rot. Prevention and control: ① Sulfaguanidine treatment: 1 gram of medicine is used for every 10 kg of edible fish on the first day, and the dosage is halved on the 2nd to 6th day. ② When treating enteritis and gill rot, sprinkle 2-3ppm gallnut throughout the pond and feed furazolidone bait for 6 consecutive days, with a dosage of 100 mg per 10 kg of fish per day; when the disease is serious, double the initial dosage of furazolidone. ③ Mix 50 grams of garlic with feed for every 10 kg of fish, once a day, for 3 consecutive days.

6. Skin mold disease: Symptoms: When the mold first parasitizes, the naked eye cannot see any abnormalities in the diseased fish. When the naked eye can see, the hyphae have already invaded the wound of the fish body and grown inward and outward. When the injury is deep, the mold can penetrate into the muscle and spread to the gap between tissue cells. The hyphae that grow outward are like grayish white cotton wool, so it is called "long hair or white hair disease". After the fish body is stimulated, a large amount of mucus is secreted. The diseased fish is restless and moves abnormally, causing friction with other objects. Later, the fish is overloaded, the muscles of the affected area rot, the diseased fish moves slowly, the appetite decreases, and eventually dies. This disease also often occurs during the hatching of fish eggs. On the affected fish eggs, hyphae can be seen invading the egg membrane, and the hyphae outside the egg membrane grow in clusters in the water, so it is called "egg silk disease". The parasitized fish eggs are also called "sun seeds" because their hyphae are radial. Pathogen: Saprolegnia and Corythuja fungi. Epidemiology: This disease occurs all year round and is prevalent in all fish farming areas across the country. This type of mold has no strict selectivity for hosts, and all kinds of farmed fish, from eggs to fish of various ages, can be infected. The egg hatching season generally starts in spring when the water temperature rises to about 18°C, and the water temperature at this time is most suitable for the growth and reproduction of water molds. After the parent fish lays eggs, the water mold first grows and reproduces on the unfertilized eggs, and under suitable conditions, it continuously uses asexual reproduction to form zoosporangia. A large number of zoospores are released to infect the fertilized eggs, so the germinated mycelium can often be microscopically examined on the fertilized eggs. In the early stage of infection, the embryonic development of this type of infected fish eggs can still proceed normally, but in the later stage, when the hyphae enter the interior or the outside of the egg membrane is completely surrounded, coupled with the influence of severe infection of water molds by nearby dead eggs, the embryonic development of the fish eggs dies midway. Especially on rainy days, when the water temperature is low (15-20℃), it is very easy to occur and spread rapidly, causing a large number of fish eggs to die due to infection with water mold. Prevention and control: ① Cleaning the fish pond with quicklime can reduce the occurrence of this disease. ② Be as careful as possible during fishing, transportation and stocking, and do not injure the fish body. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable stocking density to prevent the occurrence of this disease. ③ Do not collect fish with injured bodies as broodstock; before the broodstock enter the pond, there is no need to apply % malachite green ointment or an appropriate amount of sulfonamide ointment to the fish body. ④ When the disease occurs, 0.15-0.2ppm methylene blue can be used to spray the entire pond. ⑤ Prevention of fish egg water mold disease: First, try to increase the fertilization rate and control spawning under good weather conditions; secondly, water the eggs on the fish nest to incubate, which can reduce or interrupt the infection of fish eggs by water mold zoospores and obtain a higher hatching rate. ⑥ When hatching sticky fish eggs in ponds, you can use 7ppm malachite green to soak for 10-15 minutes, and use it for 2 consecutive days. Then sprinkle 10-15 kg of 70-100ppm solution on the water surface near the hatching rack every morning and evening until the fry hatch. ⑦ For fish eggs hatched in running water, add malachite green solution every 6-8 hours until the fry hatch.

7. Carp stupidity: Symptoms: No obvious changes in mild infection. In severe cases, the intestines may be blocked, and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and anemia may occur, and death may occasionally occur. Pathogen: Carp stupidity tapeworm. Epidemiology: Mainly harms adult carp and crucian carp, and is more common in April to August. Prevention and control: Dichlorvos mixed with feed for oral administration.

8. Carp uterine nematode disease (also known as red nematode disease): Symptoms: loose scales, congestion, inflammation and ulceration of muscles around scales. It is easy to cause complications of Saprolegniasis. The scales where the worms parasitize show irregular red-purple patterns, and the red worms can be seen when the scales are lifted. Pathogen: Carp uterine nematode. Epidemiology: It mostly harms adult carp. In winter, the worms parasitize under the scales, but the worms are small and do not show diseases. When the water temperature warms up in spring, the worms grow faster and cause the fish to become sick. Prevention and control: ① Strictly disinfect with quicklime to kill the larvae. ② Scrub the affected area with iodine or 1% potassium permanganate, or soak it in 2% salt water for 10 to 20 minutes.

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