CATDOLL : CATDOLL: What are the medicinal values ​​of sea urchins and how to treat diseases?

1. What are the medicinal values ​​of sea urchins and how to treat diseases

The extract of sea urchin (Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis) reproductive gland has a prostaglandin-like smooth muscle excitatory effect on the ileum of guinea pigs, and can inhibit platelet aggregation and the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine induced by ADP, adrenaline and arachidonic acid. Sea urchins contain sea urchin toxins, which have different effects. Some have a dissolving effect on animal red blood cells, can cause cardiac activation and make muscles unresponsive to direct external stimulation. The toxin of the trumpet-spined sea urchin (Toxopneustes pileolus) can cause temporary contraction of blood vessels around the heart of frogs, and has a significant contraction effect on smooth muscle. Trypsin can inactivate it. This toxin is a peptide protein that has a kinin-like behavior on smooth muscle. The glycoproteins Sirongylostatin 1 and 2 of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) both have anti-tumor activity. The toxin of Tripnenstes gratilla can induce sustained contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum in direct proportion to the dose; perfusion of guinea pig heart coronary artery can produce changes in heart beat amplitude and rate, and also cause varying degrees of cardiac stagnation. The toxin has hemolytic activity on erythrocytes of rabbits, humans, guinea pigs, cattle, sheep and fish, and causes a decrease in blood pressure in whole animals. The effect on ileum specimens is not blocked by aditropine, but can be partially blocked by pynibeniamine, blocked to varying degrees by D-lysergic acid and mellaril, and completely blocked by phenylbutazone. It can also cause indirect stimulation to the deep abdominal extensor muscle specimens of crayfish. It also causes irreversible blockage of muscle response to intracellular stimulation. In guinea pig neurodiaphragm specimens, this toxin can weaken the contraction caused directly or indirectly, similar to the invertebrate system. Preliminary findings show that there are toxic and non-thermal proteins in the white-spined sea urchins, whose main function is to release histamine or produce kinin, indicating that this substance has potential pharmaceutical value. Sea urchins also have a wide range of medicinal functions. Its medicinal part is the entire shell, which is calcareous, and the name of the medicinal material is "sea urchin". Sea urchin is not only a top-notch seafood delicacy, but also a valuable Chinese medicinal material. There are records of the medicinal use of sea urchins in my country for a long time. The "Original Materia Medica" records that sea urchins have the effect of "curing heartache". Modern Chinese medicine believes that "sea urchins are salty and flat in nature, and have the functions of softening and dispersing nodules, resolving phlegm and reducing swelling." The shell, spines, and yolk of sea urchins can treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, otitis media, etc. At the same time, sea urchin shells can also be made into handicrafts. Some manufacturers also develop sea urchin foods, making sea urchins into iced sea urchins, alcohol sea urchins, and sea urchin sauce.

2. What are the abilities of click beetles?

1. Click beetles kowtow out of instinct to avoid danger and overcome obstacles. 2. Click beetles also use the "noisy" method to transmit information and attract the opposite sex. 3. Click beetles play dead. When they encounter danger, they lie down and remain motionless. When they want to escape, they jump up.

3. What is vanadium used for?

Adding a few percent of vanadium to steel can greatly increase the elasticity and strength of the steel, and make it extremely resistant to wear and explosion, and resistant to both high temperatures and extreme cold. No wonder vanadium is found everywhere in the automotive, aviation, railway, electronic technology, defense industry and other sectors. In addition, vanadium oxide has become one of the best catalysts in the chemical industry and is known as "chemical bread".

It is mainly used to make high-speed cutting steel and other alloy steels and catalysts. Vanadium steel can be made by adding vanadium to steel. Vanadium steel has a tighter structure than ordinary steel, and has higher toughness, elasticity and mechanical strength. Armor-piercing bullets made of vanadium steel can penetrate a 40 cm thick steel plate. However, in the steel industry, pure vanadium metal is not added to steel to make vanadium steel, but vanadium steel is directly made from vanadium-containing iron ore.

Vanadium has many excellent physical and chemical properties, so it is widely used and is known as the metal "vitamin". Initially, vanadium was mostly used in steel to increase the strength, toughness and wear resistance of steel by refining the structure and grains of steel and increasing the grain coarsening temperature.

Later, people gradually discovered the excellent improvement effect of vanadium in titanium alloys and applied it to the aerospace field, which led to a breakthrough in the aerospace industry. With the rapid development of science and technology, human beings have increasingly higher requirements for new materials. Vanadium is increasingly widely used in non-steel fields, covering aerospace, chemistry, batteries, pigments, glass, optics, medicine and many other fields.

Additional information:

Vanadium is found all over the world. In the earth's crust, the content of vanadium is not small, with an average of one vanadium atom in every 20,000 atoms, which is more than copper, tin, zinc and nickel. However, the distribution of vanadium is too scattered, and there are almost no deposits with high content of vanadium.

Vanadium has been found in seawater, in sea urchins and other marine organisms, in magnetite, in various asphalt minerals and coal ash, in meteorites that fall to the earth, and in the spectrum of the sun. Vanadium is a widely distributed trace element on the earth, accounting for about 0.02% of the earth's crust, and is relatively easy to obtain.

98% of the world's known vanadium reserves are produced in vanadium-titanium magnetite. In addition to vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium resources are also partially found in phosphorite, uranium-containing sandstone, siltstone, bauxite, carbonaceous crude oil, coal, oil shale and asphalt sand.

The world's vanadium-titanium magnetite reserves are large and concentrated in a few countries and regions, including the CIS, the United States, China, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, Australia, and are concentrated in South Africa, North America, etc. According to the statistics of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1988, the world's vanadium reserves are 160 million tons (in terms of vanadium).

According to the current mining volume, the world's proven vanadium resources can be mined for 150 years. In terms of reserves, South Africa accounts for 46%, the CIS accounts for 23.6%, the United States accounts for 13.1%, China accounts for 11.6%, and the total of other countries is less than 6%.

Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia - Vanadium

Element name: Vanadium

Atomic weight of element: 50.94

Element Type: Metal

Discoverer: Sefstrom Date of discovery: 1830

Discovery process:

In 1830, Sefstom of Sweden obtained vanadium oxide while studying the iron slag of the Smaland iron ore and discovered the existence of vanadium.

Element Description:

One of the high melting point metals, light grey in color. Density 5.96 g/cm3. Melting point 1890±10℃, boiling point 3380℃, valence +2, +3, +4 and +5. Among them, the valence state of 5 is the most stable, followed by the valence state of 4. The ionization energy is 6.74 electron volts. It is ductile, hard and non-magnetic. It has the ability to resist hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and its resistance to air-salt-water corrosion is better than most stainless steels. It is not oxidized in the air and is soluble in hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia.

Element source:

Minerals include potassium vanadate uranium ore, limonite and green vanadium sulfide. Very pure vanadium is difficult to make. Under normal high temperature conditions, vanadium is active to oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and easily reacts. It is used to make alloys in industry. Very pure vanadium can be made from vanadium pentoxide and calcium iodide to make VI5, which can then be made by thermal decomposition.

Element usage:

If steel is a tiger, then vanadium is its wings. Steel containing vanadium is like a tiger with wings. Just adding a few percent of vanadium to steel can greatly increase the elasticity and strength of the steel, and make it extremely resistant to wear and cracking, and resistant to both high temperatures and extreme cold. No wonder traces of vanadium can be seen everywhere in the automotive, aviation, railway, electronic technology, defense industry and other sectors. In addition, vanadium oxide has become one of the best catalysts in the chemical industry, and is known as the "chemical bread". It seems that Vanadis' "son" is very popular in the world.

It is mainly used to make high-speed cutting steel and other alloy steels and catalysts. Vanadium steel can be made by adding vanadium to steel. Vanadium steel has a tighter structure than ordinary steel, and has higher toughness, elasticity and mechanical strength. Armor-piercing bullets made of vanadium steel can penetrate a 40 cm thick steel plate. However, in the steel industry, pure vanadium metal is not added to steel to make vanadium steel, but vanadium steel is directly made from vanadium-containing iron ore.

The colors of vanadium salts are really colorful, including green, red, black, and yellow. The green is like jadeite, and the black is like thick ink. For example, divalent vanadium salts are often purple; trivalent vanadium salts are green, tetravalent vanadium salts are light blue, and the alkaline derivatives of tetravalent vanadium are often brown or black, while vanadium pentoxide is red. These colorful vanadium compounds are made into bright pigments: adding them to glass to make colored glass, they can also be used to make various inks.

my country is a country with relatively rich vanadium resources. Vanadium mines are mainly distributed in Panzhihua, Sichuan and Chengde, north of Hebei Province, and most of them exist in the form of stone coal.

Vanadium is an important strategic resource. It is widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, aerospace, atomic energy and vanadium batteries. Adding vanadium to steel can greatly improve the performance of steel products, increase strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.

About 80% of vanadium is used to prepare alloy steel. About 50% of alloy steel is doped with vanadium. Vanadium can deoxidize and denitrify in steel, and can also improve the performance of steel. Titanium alloys containing vanadium have good performance and are widely used. Vanadium-niobium alloys can be used as structural materials for reactors in rockets and missiles. Vanadium can actively control the gas content in copper-based alloys and improve their structure. Adding a small amount of vanadium to the aluminum-based alloy of the internal combustion engine piston can increase the tensile strength and reduce the thermal expansion coefficient. Vanadium gallium intermetallic compounds are good superconducting materials. Vanadium pentoxide is widely used as a catalyst for organic and inorganic oxidation reactions, used to make ultraviolet absorbing glass and colorants for glass and ceramics.