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At present, the Far East is still a backward region in agricultural development in Russia, with per capita agricultural output lower than the national average. Grain, vegetables, meat, milk and other agricultural products are not self-sufficient, and a considerable part of them has been imported from other places or foreign countries to meet the needs of local residents.
Although the Far East's agriculture had a great development during the Soviet era, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the continuous deterioration of agricultural production conditions in Russia, coupled with the agricultural crisis in recent years, the output value has continued to decline. Although the Far East has good natural conditions for the development of large-scale agriculture, its agricultural potential has not been fully utilized due to various unfavorable factors in history and reality.
After entering the 1990s, Russia's economy transitioned to the market and implemented large-scale reforms in agriculture. A series of radical reform measures were taken to thoroughly reorganize state farms and collective farms with land privatization as the center. With the advancement of agricultural reform, agriculture in Russia's Far East not only did not develop, but continued to decline and fell into a difficult situation. Agriculture, as the foundation of the national economy, has a great impact on the entire economic situation in the Far East. The agricultural crisis directly affects the development of the regional food industry and the lives of residents. Agricultural problems are not only problems in the Far East but also problems for the whole of Russia. In recent years, although Russia has introduced a series of policies and measures aimed at stabilizing and developing agriculture, agriculture in Russia, including the Far East, is still facing many difficulties.
In 1999, the agricultural output value of the Far East region dropped by 4% compared with 1998. Among them, the crop industry dropped by 4.8% and the animal husbandry industry dropped by 2.8%. The Chukotka Autonomous Region saw the largest drop, reaching 34.9%. The next largest drop was in the Primorsky Krai, Kamchatka Krai and Magadan Oblast, with drops of 21.1%, 15.5% and 9.5% respectively. According to statistics in 1998, the total agricultural output value of the Far East region accounted for about 9% of the total output value of Russia.
Planting industry:
Since the 1990s, the production of agricultural products in the Far East has generally been in a downward trend. In 1995, the actual output index of grain in the Far East was 71.6% of that in 1994, potatoes - 121.7%, meat - 75.4%, and milk - 79.7%. In 1996, the downward trend weakened, with grain output of 1.2052 million tons, potatoes 1.8366 million tons, vegetables 552,300 tons, livestock and poultry slaughter (gross weight) 376,100 tons, and milk 1.2118 million tons. In 1997, Russia had a bumper harvest and the total agricultural output value showed a slight increase, but the agriculture in the Far East did not improve. The crop yield in the Primorsky Krai fell again, and the number of livestock and poultry continued to decrease. The sown area of crops in the Amur Oblast decreased by 10%, and the output of meat, eggs and milk decreased by 7%, 12% and 9% respectively. In 1998, the output of cereals and legumes in the Far East was 568,200 tons, which dropped to 414,400 tons in 1999, a decrease of 27.1%. The largest decrease was in the Primorsky Krai, which dropped from 180,100 tons in 1998 to 122,400 tons in 1999, a decrease of 32%. The output of cereals and legumes in the Amur Oblast, which has the highest output in the Far East, dropped from 304,800 tons in 1998 to 211,200 tons in 1999, a decrease of 30.7%. The output of cereals and legumes in the Khabarovsk Krai dropped from 26,700 tons in 1998 to 22,500 tons in 1999, a decrease of 16%. The output of cereals and legumes in the Jewish Autonomous Region dropped from 39,300 tons in 1998 to 31,800 tons in 1999, a decrease of 19.1%. However, the production of the Sakha Republic and Kamchatka increased significantly. The production of grain and legumes in the Sakha Republic increased from 17,100 tons in 1998 to 26,200 tons in 1999, an increase of 53.6%. The production of grain and legumes in Kamchatka increased from 200 tons in 1998 to 300 tons in 1999, an increase of 31.1%. However, the production of these two states is negligible in the Far East.
In 1999, the sugar beet production in the Far East was 1,400 tons, down 19.1% from 1,800 tons in 1998. The largest decline was in the Amur region, from 500 tons in 1998 to 300 tons in 1999, a decline of 29.4%. The sugar beet production in the Primorsky Krai dropped from 1,200 tons in 1998 to 1,000 tons in 1999, a decline of 17.4%. The sugar beet production in the Khabarovsk Krai remained roughly the same in 1998 and 1999, and has remained at around 100 tons in recent years.
In 1998, the potato production in the Far East was 1.5989 million tons, which dropped to 1.5379 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 3.8%. The largest decrease was in the Primorsky Krai, which dropped from 536,900 tons in 1998 to 354,100 tons in 1999, a decrease of 34%. The potato production in Kamchatka fell from 78,700 tons in 1998 to 59,200 tons in 1999, a decrease of 24.8%. The potato production in Magadan Oblast dropped from 16,200 tons in 1998 to 15,600 tons in 1999, a decrease of 3.5%. The potato production in Khabarovsk Territory rose from 327,300 tons in 1998 to 336,000 tons in 1999, an increase of 2.7%. The potato production in Sakhalin Oblast rose from 154,000 tons in 1998 to 161,700 tons in 1999, an increase of 5%. The potato production in the Jewish Autonomous Region increased from 71,100 tons in 1998 to 84,800 tons in 1999, an increase of 19.2%. The production in the Sakha Republic and the Amur Region also increased significantly. The potato production in the Sakha Republic increased from 66,900 tons in 1998 to 82,200 tons in 1999, an increase of 22.9%. The potato production in the Amur Region increased from 347,800 tons in 1998 to 444,400 tons in 1999, an increase of 27.8%.
In 1998, the output of vegetables in the Far East was 513,200 tons, which dropped to 463,800 tons in 1999, a decrease of 9.6%. The largest decrease was in the Chukotka Autonomous Region, where vegetable output dropped by 34.1%. Vegetable output in the Primorsky Krai dropped from 126,000 tons in 1998 to 88,600 tons in 1999, a decrease of 29.7%. Vegetable output in Kamchatka dropped from 42,100 tons in 1998 to 34,700 tons in 1999, a decrease of 17.5%. Vegetable output in the Amur Oblast dropped from 102,300 tons in 1998 to 95,100 tons in 1999, a decrease of 7.1%. Vegetable output in the Sakhalin Oblast dropped from 44,500 tons in 1998 to 42,500 tons in 1999, a decrease of 4.4%. The vegetable output in Khabarovsk Krai dropped from 145,300 tons in 1998 to 141,900 tons in 1999, a decrease of 2.3%. The vegetable output in Magadan Oblast dropped by 1.5%. However, the output in Sakha Republic and Jewish Autonomous Oblast increased significantly. The vegetable output in Sakha Republic increased from 28,600 tons in 1998 to 33,600 tons in 1999, an increase of 17.4%. The vegetable output in Jewish Autonomous Oblast increased from 19,800 tons in 1998 to 22,900 tons in 1999, an increase of 15.5%.
Animal Husbandry:
In the Far East, the output value of animal husbandry has always accounted for more than half of the agricultural output value, estimated to be 55% to 65%. Animal husbandry in the Far East is mainly livestock farming, such as raising cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and also raising poultry and deer. Beekeeping and fur animal farming are also developing rapidly. Cattle, sheep, poultry and beekeeping are distributed on large grasslands in the southern part of the Far East, while deer farms and horse farms are mainly distributed in the north. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, animal husbandry in the Far East showed a trend of sharp decline.
In 1999, the livestock industry in the Far East continued to decline. The decline in livestock products was greater than that of the whole of Russia. The output of livestock products in Russia dropped from 7.5 million tons in 1998 to 6.9 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 7.6%. The output of livestock products in the Far East dropped from 159,300 tons in 1998 to 127,600 tons in 1999, a decrease of 19.9%. The largest decline was in the Sakha Republic, from 48,500 tons in 1998 to 29,000 tons in 1999, a decrease of 40%. The Chukotka Autonomous Region and Magadan Region were next. The output of livestock products in the Chukotka Autonomous Region dropped from 15 million tons in 1998 to 11 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 26.7%. The output of livestock products in the Magadan Region dropped from 15 million tons in 1998 to 11 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 26.7%. The livestock production in the Kamchatka region dropped from 67 million tons in 1998 to 53 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 20.9%. The livestock production in the Sakhalin region dropped from 49 million tons in 1998 to 40 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 19.4%. The livestock production in the Jewish Autonomous Region dropped from 66 million tons in 1998 to 55 million tons in 1999, a decrease of 26.7%. The livestock production in the Amur region dropped from 38,800 tons in 1998 to 34,400 tons in 1999, a decrease of 21.3%. The livestock production in the Primorsky Krai dropped from 31,100 tons in 1998 to 28,500 tons in 1999, a decrease of 18.4%. The smallest decrease was in the Khabarovsk Krai, where the livestock production dropped from 19,700 tons in 1998 to 18,700 tons in 1999, a decrease of 5.1%.
In 1999, the milk production in the Far East increased from 673,600 tons in 1998 to 690,100 tons in 1999, an increase of 2.4 percentage points. Among them, Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast all showed different degrees of growth, with growth rates of 12.5%, 7%, 5% and 3.8% respectively.
In 1999, the egg production in the Far East continued to decline, from 794.1 million in 1998 to 733.8 million in 1999, a decrease of 7.6%. However, the egg production in Russia as a whole increased by 1.6%, from 32.7 billion in 1998 to 33.3 billion in 1999. The largest decrease was in Magadan Oblast, from 16.5 million in 1998 to 9.4 million in 1999, a decrease of 43%. The second largest decrease was in Primorsky Krai, where the egg production decreased from 263.8 million in 1998 to 200.7 million in 1999, a decrease of 23.9%. The egg production in Sakhalin Oblast decreased from 50.4 million in 1998 to 46 million in 1999, a decrease of 8.7%. The production of eggs in the Khabarovsk region fell from 224.1 million in 1998 to 206.2 million in 1999, a decrease of 8%. The production of eggs in the Kansas State fell from 53.9 million in 1998 to 51.5 million in 1999, a decrease of 45.5%.
2. Difficulties in Agricultural Development
The agricultural crisis in the Russian Far East is still quite acute: comprehensive agricultural indicators have continued to decline; grain production is far from actual needs; basic conditions for agricultural production have further deteriorated; and the level of comprehensive mechanization has been greatly reduced. The output of major grains and daily consumer goods based on agricultural products in Russia has generally decreased, and the market supply is still tight. Since the 1990s, agricultural production in the Far East has been on a downward trend. Although Russia's agriculture achieved a good harvest in 1997, and the total agricultural output value increased by 0.1% after six consecutive years of decline, the decline of agriculture in the Far East cannot be curbed. The prominent difficulties are:
1. Agricultural productivity cannot adapt to the new production relations in the short term. Due to the vast land and sparse population of the Far East, its agriculture has its own unique style and has good conditions for the development of agriculture. After the agricultural reform, not only did it fail to achieve the goal of promoting agricultural production, but it aggravated the difficulties of agricultural production. The agricultural management after the reform still cannot adapt to the development level of productivity. In 1993, only 7% of the agricultural enterprises in the Far East after the reorganization made profits, and 40% of the units were in the red. Due to the lack of labor, they are unable to farm, not only are they inefficient, but also a large amount of land is left uncultivated. How to make agricultural productivity adapt to production relations is one of the key issues in improving agricultural productivity in the Far East, and it is also one of the difficulties that need to be solved in the long term in the Far East agricultural reform.
2. The state's support for agriculture in the Far East has dropped significantly. The development of agriculture in the Far East has always relied on the strong support of the state. However, since the 1990s, Russia's support for agriculture has dropped to the lowest point, and it is even more unable to take care of the Far East. Due to the sharp reduction in agricultural investment, the amount of investment in the agro-industrial complex has also dropped sharply. The total investment from 1991 to 1996 decreased by 92%. The proportion of agricultural investment in the national economic investment has dropped significantly. In 1991, it accounted for 17.8%, but by 1996 it dropped to 3.3%. The state's funding for agriculture has been greatly reduced. From 1986 to 1990, the state's funding for agriculture accounted for 15% of the budget expenditure, but by 1996 it accounted for only 1%. Due to the influence of Russia's overall economic environment, the state's investment in Far Eastern agriculture has also been greatly reduced.
3. The agricultural production service system is not sound. The reorganization of the Russian agricultural and industrial union has dismembered the complete type of the agricultural and industrial union and reduced the function of serving farmers and workers. The level of socialized agricultural services in Russia is already very low, and many problems encountered by agricultural producers in production and management activities cannot be solved, which reduces agricultural production efficiency. This contradiction is even more prominent in the Far East: there is a lack of infrastructure (roads, communications, equipment, etc.) to ensure normal production; there are no special agricultural service outlets; there is no supply of technical equipment suitable for farmers (farms) to use economically, etc.
3. Forecast of agricultural development prospects
Russia has formulated many development plans and measures to support the development of Far Eastern agriculture. The most direct one is the sub-programme "Agro-industrial complex" of the "Federal Special Program for Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Trans-Baikal Region from 1996 to 2005". The sub-programme divides the planning of the development of the Far Eastern agricultural complex into two stages. The first stage is from 1996 to 1998; the second stage is from 1999 to 2005.
The first stage, from 1996 to 1998, was to further tap the productivity of the agricultural complex, curb the decline in production, and create the basic and necessary conditions to transform the agricultural production structure in order to ensure the production of agricultural and sideline products required by the market. To this end, a plan was formulated to reform land relations and economic relations, strive to increase the state's support for agricultural production; accelerate the transformation of low-efficiency agricultural enterprises; issue privatized enterprise stocks and sell privatized processing and service enterprise stocks to agricultural production operators; promote the union of agricultural commodity producers, who will establish agricultural services, agricultural product processing and marketing cooperatives; establish and improve the economic mechanism of small enterprises in the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products, change the situation in which the Far East agricultural and industrial complex monopolizes the agricultural product market; strive for state investment and other forms of support for the agricultural and industrial complex, etc.
The second stage is from 1999 to 2005. In the second stage, a series of measures will be implemented to carry out technical innovation on production potential, promote advanced technology that saves labor and resources, improve soil fertility, and reduce losses at all stages of product production and sales. In this stage, the economic benefits of land reform, agricultural reform and institutional changes carried out in the first stage will become apparent.
The outline also proposed the task of improving the food supply of residents in the Far East. Its specific goals are:
First, we should improve the food supply of the residents in the region by increasing the production of self-produced food, especially fresh and perishable food. While rectifying the import of food, we should strengthen mutually beneficial relations with Siberia, CIS countries and Asia-Pacific countries to meet the food demand in the region.
Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the material and technical foundation of the branch complex of grain products, improve seed cultivation, and increase grain production. At the same time, product production targets were drawn up by 2005: grain production reached 3.21 million tons, soybeans increased to 600,000 tons, vegetable self-sufficiency rate reached 73%, and locally produced potatoes could meet all the needs of local residents.
Secondly, it is stipulated that the livestock industry should increase the output of livestock products by strengthening the construction of feed bases, improving the livestock and poultry product rate, adopting intensive technology to breed livestock, and supporting breeding industry and other specialized production units. The goals for 2005 are: meat production reaches 370,000 tons, milk production reaches 1.748 million tons, and egg production reaches 1.9 billion.
Judging from the recent agricultural development trend in the Far East, the trend of the concentration of agricultural enterprises in the Far East is irreversible, and the development of agricultural specialization and integration is changing the form of agricultural operation. The scale of farms is getting bigger and bigger, and the production and operation mode of one household is not suitable for the development direction of modern agriculture. Family farms in the Far East are not suitable for Russia's national conditions. Many agricultural experts and farmers feel that they should strengthen the development in the direction of specialization and integration, and strengthen the cooperation between various agricultural enterprises and organizations. As we all know, in the past 4 to 5 years, Russia's family farms have gone through the process of establishment-dissolution-reconstruction. After the family farms formed associations or production cooperatives, their work efficiency has improved. After the family farms were united, in some collective farms, state farms and other forms of production units, internal production cooperation between various professional production teams (production, service, transportation, construction, etc.) is also developing. The way of cooperation is that members of various departments combine their shares and the land they have obtained after the reorganization of the enterprise.
In addition, judging from the characteristics of the planting area structure in the Far East, the proportion of cash crops, potatoes and vegetables is higher than the level of the whole Russia. For example, in 1998, the proportion of grain crops in the whole Russia was 55.3%, while that in the Far East was only 36.5%; the proportion of cash crops in the Far East was as high as 20.5%, while that in the whole Russia was only 6.5%; the proportion of potatoes and vegetables in the Far East was 11.5%, while that in the whole Russia was only 4.5%. We believe that in the long run, such a planting structure will not only help to meet the self-sufficiency of potatoes and vegetables in the region, but also help to improve economic benefits and promote cash crops to the international market.
Although Russia's agricultural reform has taken a detour, the political situation has stabilized since Putin came to power. Russia's Far East has good natural conditions and vast land. As long as the previous agricultural reform guidelines and policies are readjusted, new measures are formulated, the state's investment in agriculture is increased, the domestic food market is supported, the state's regulation of the agro-industrial complex is strengthened, collectivization and integration are supported, efforts are made to cultivate agricultural talents, and national agricultural cooperation is strengthened, after a period of hard work and adjustment, agricultural production in the Far East will surely be able to get out of the trough.
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