CATDOLL : CATDOLL: Hemudu culture sericulture and silk reeling (Evidence pictures of Hemudu culture sericulture and silk reeling technology)

1. What other things could the Hemudu people make, including pottery and other simple things? The Hemudu people also used carving and other techniques. What else did they know how to use?

The Hemudu people were able to make pottery and jade, as well as simple musical instruments such as bone whistles. The earliest loom in China was unearthed at the Hemudu site, and people had learned to raise silkworms and reel silk. They also used carving and other techniques to make simple works of art with ivory and animal bones. The earliest ivory carvings in China were unearthed here. The Hemudu people also knew how to use natural lacquer.

Hemudu culture is an ancient and colorful Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It was first discovered in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang in 1973, hence the name. It is mainly distributed in the Ningshao Plain and Zhoushan Island on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay. According to scientific methods, its age is between 5000 BC and 3300 BC. It is a clan village site in the matriarchal clan commune period of the Neolithic Age, reflecting the situation of clans in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River about 7,000 years ago.

2. What are the specific manifestations of the diversity and unity of Chinese civilization?

1. From its origin, Chinese civilization is obviously characterized by diversity or multi-source. The ancient inhabitants of China were scattered in all directions, adapted to the different natural environments of each region, and created their own unique history and culture. The main manifestations are: in the Paleolithic Age, the Yuanmou people in the Yangtze River Basin and the Peking Man in the Yellow River Basin have clearly shown that the origin of Chinese civilization has multiple centers. There are human sites distributed in the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and even other major river basins in China. Entering the Neolithic Age, different regions formed different types of cultural characteristics. For example, the Yangshao culture in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is mainly characterized by painted pottery and millet planting, the Hemudu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by rice planting and sericulture and silk reeling, and the Hongshan culture in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River in the north and the Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are also unique.

2. The trend of unity, that is, the trend of integration from diversity to unity, is another characteristic of the origin and development of Chinese civilization. This integration is most typical in the Yellow River Basin. For example, in the late Neolithic Age, the Dawenkou Culture and the Yangshao Culture were replaced by the Longshan Culture. On the basis of this exchange and integration, large tribes such as Huangdi and Yandi emerged, and the two major tribes of Huang and Yan further combined to form the Yanhuang Tribal Alliance. After several evolutions, the Xia Dynasty, the earliest slave state in my country, was established around 2070 BC. Since then, the trend of unification of the various ethnic groups in China has become more obvious and the Chinese identity has emerged.

3. Summary of knowledge points in the Outline of Chinese and Foreign History?

1. Basic characteristics of early human distribution in China: scattered and colorful, concentrated in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins

2. Characteristics of the Paleolithic Age: ① Engaged in gathering and hunting ② Learned to use fire ③ Lived in groups ④ Bone tools appeared

3. Characteristics of the Neolithic Age: ① Use of polished stone tools ② Use of pottery ③ Engagement in primitive agriculture ④ Engagement in animal husbandry ⑤ Construction of villages ⑥ Beginning of settled life

4. Representatives of the Neolithic Age: ① Early Yellow River Basin: Yangshao Culture, Dawenkou Culture; Late: Longshan Culture (painted pottery, millet) ② Early Yangtze River Basin: Hemudu Culture; Late: Liangzhu Culture (rice, sericulture, silk reeling, exquisite jade) ③ Liaohe River Basin: Hongshan Culture (exquisite jade)

5. Xia Dynasty: about 2070 BC, the earliest slave state in my country. ① The hereditary system replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" became a "family world". The King of Xia was the supreme ruler. ② Central institutions: There were institutions and officials in charge of administration, military, justice and religion. ③ Local officials: living together in clans, the King of Xia directly ruled the tribe of the Xiahou clan, and other tribes were ruled indirectly.

6. Shang Dynasty: In 1600 BC, the Shang king was the supreme ruler, under whom there were Yin and various officials. The state management structure of the Shang Dynasty was the internal and external service system.

7. Western Zhou Dynasty: 1046 BC (1) Enfeoffment system: ① Purpose: "Enfeoff relatives to protect the Zhou Dynasty" ② Target: Relatives with the same surname are the main body, and princes with different surnames ② Effect: The sphere of influence of the Zhou people continued to expand; the Zhou king established the status of the common lord of the world, formed a pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure of "emperor-princes-ministers-scholars", and strengthened the Zhou emperor's political rule over the local areas.

(2) Patriarchal system: It complemented the feudal system and resolved conflicts and contradictions within the ruling class in the distribution of power and property. It was a system that determined inheritance relations and status based on blood relationship and the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children. Its core was the implementation of the primogeniture system.

(3) Land system: The slave owners’ land was nationalized and could not be bought and sold at will. The well-field system was the way of managing land.

8. Characteristics of the early political system in ancient China: ① Combination of divine power and royal power ② Combination of patriarchal bloodline and political system ③ The highest administrative group has not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power.

9. Characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: ①Politics: the royal family declined, the clan system of feudal fiefdom was seriously damaged (rituals and music were broken) ②Economy: iron plows and oxen plowing ③Thoughts: a hundred schools of thought ④National: from division to unification

4. What is silkworm breeding and silk reeling?

Sericulture and silk reeling Reeling is the process of extracting silk from silk cocoons. The process of extracting silk from silk cocoons is generally called silk reeling. The original method of reeling silk is to soak the cocoons in hot water, draw silk by hand, and wind it on a silk basket. Basins and baskets are the original reeling utensils. The Han working people invented the technology of sericulture, silk reeling, silk weaving and embroidery. The invention in this area should be attributed to the women of the Han nationality. Legend has it that Leizu, the wife of Huangdi and the daughter of Xiling clan, taught people to raise silkworms and process silk cocoons to make clothes.