CATDOLL : CATDOLL: Can turbot be farmed? How to farm it?

Can turbot be farmed? How to farm it?

Turbot can be farmed. Turbot was originally distributed in northern Europe and was later introduced to other countries and regions. Since turbot has a relatively high economic value, many breeders choose to farm them. However, it is quite difficult to farm turbot because turbot has relatively high requirements for the surrounding environment. Since they live in the ocean, they cannot be farmed in fresh water. The salinity of the water must be regulated during farming. 1. Can turbot be farmed? Turbot is a type of marine fish. They were originally common in the coastal areas of northern Europe and were later introduced to other countries and regions. Wild turbot lives in the ocean and has adapted to the environment in the ocean. Since turbot has a relatively high economic value, some breeders choose to farm them artificially. However, it is still quite difficult to farm turbot because turbot has relatively high requirements for the surrounding environment. They have requirements for many factors such as water temperature, water quality, and food. There are many issues that need to be paid attention to during farming.

2. How to farm turbot 1. Site: When farmers farm turbot, they usually farm a large number of them, so they need to choose a suitable breeding site. It is best to build a farm or pond in a place away from pollution, close to water sources and with convenient transportation. Male and female turbot can be mixed and raised, but you need to pay attention to the ratio, which can be controlled at 1:1 or 1:1.5.

2. Feeding: When breeding turbot, feeding is also an important issue. You can feed turbot with small fish or shrimp, or directly feed it with some special feed. Such granular feed is more common and more nutritious.

3. Water temperature: Turbot is native to the coastal areas of Europe with relatively high latitudes. It is a cold-water fish, so the temperature needs to be controlled when breeding it. Generally speaking, it is better to control it between 14-17 degrees. The temperature cannot be too high, otherwise the turbot will be at risk of death.

4. Water quality: When breeding turbot, it is also important to control the dust and residue in the water, because turbot is sensitive to water quality. If the water is too dirty, turbot will easily get sick. It is necessary to do a good job of changing the water and clean out the excess food in time after feeding. Since turbot originally lives in the ocean, the salt content of the water also needs to be controlled, and it cannot be directly bred with fresh water.

5. Sunlight: During the breeding process, turbot needs to be exposed to light appropriately, which is good for their health.

How to farm turbot

Turbot, also known as southern flounder, Atlantic desert flounder, and American desert flounder, belongs to the class of bony fishes, order of Pleurotiformes, suborder of Pleurotiformes, family of Flatfish, subfamily of Odontoinae, and genus of Odontoflounder. It is a deep-sea benthic fish.

The desert flounder (turbot) has the characteristics of fast growth, excellent quality, wide adaptability, strong resistance to adversity, delicate meat and rich nutrition. It is recognized as an excellent farmed fish. The United States has been studying the breeding and breeding technology of desert flounder since the early 1990s. Breakthroughs have been made in physiology, ecology, artificial breeding and breeding technology. The breeding of desert flounder has become a rapidly developing emerging breeding industry in the United States. After being introduced into my country, this species has great development value and broad development prospects.

The farming techniques for turbot are as follows;

1. Seedlings and seed selection

(1) Specifications

The breeding technology of desert flounder and brown flounder is similar and easy to master in production. Generally, when the fry grows to more than 5 cm, they can be put into large ponds. It is best to put the fry when the size is more than 8 cm. At this time, the physique of the fry is enhanced, the disease resistance is improved, and the fry have strong adaptability after entering the pond, which is easy to improve the survival rate.

(2) Seedling selection

When purchasing seedlings, pay attention to choosing seedlings with complete body shape, normal body color, no deformities, no albinism, no damage to the fins, fast swimming, uniform size, no disease, and no parasites on the gills.

(3) Seedling planting time

For outdoor breeding, the fry should be released when the water temperature is above 18℃, preferably from April to May each year. If the water temperature is too low too early, the fry will have difficulty adapting and even reduce the survival rate; if the water temperature is too low too early, it will affect the growth of the fry into commercial fish that year.

(4) Stocking density

In pond farming, 500 to 800 fish are stocked per mu; in pond cage farming, 100 to 200 fish are stocked in each 3m×3m×1.5m cage; in sea cage farming, 300 to 400 fish are stocked in each 3m×3m×3.5m cage; in factory greenhouse farming, about 20 fish are stocked per square meter.

2. Pond selection

Existing shrimp ponds can be used for breeding with a little modification. The water depth is about 1.5 meters, the water source is sufficient, the water quality is fresh and pollution-free, and there are good water inlet and outlet facilities. Before stocking, the pond bottom must be treated. The pond needs to be dried and silted, the pond bottom needs to be loosened, and the pond needs to be weathered and exposed for more than 10 days. The water inlet is 30 cm to 50 cm, and disinfected with bleaching powder. The effective chlorine content in the pool water is more than 10ppm. The bleaching powder containing 25% to 30% chlorine is generally applied at more than 40 grams per cubic meter of water.

2. Cultivation and Management

1. Water quality and water changes

The quality of aquaculture water is related to the success or failure of aquaculture. During the entire aquaculture process, we must pay attention to carefully observe the changes in water temperature and water quality, and regularly measure water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, sulfide concentration, etc. The regulation of pond aquaculture water can be controlled by adjusting the amount of water change. The amount of water change is proportional to the water temperature.

2. Bait nutrition and processing

The desert flounder is a carnivorous bottom-dwelling fish. Mix the vitamins with flour, then mix with fish meal and yeast powder, then add fish oil and mix evenly, add fresh fish and fresh shrimp (or crush frozen fish and shrimp), put the above mixture into a granulator and stir to make pellet feed. The raw materials for processing wet pellet feed are mainly Spanish mackerel, sardines, mackerel, noodle fish, bluefish and other fish, which must be fresh. Those with poor freshness or frozen for too long cannot be used. During the breeding process, vitamin C, vitamin E and multivitamins can be added to the feed to enhance the nutrition of the fish and prevent illness due to nutritional deficiency. It should be noted that the processed bait should be fed on the same day, and the remaining bait should be properly frozen and stored. The maximum storage time should not exceed 2 days to prevent deterioration.

Commercial baits that meet nutritional requirements can be used. Note that when the water temperature is low or high, the number of times and amount of feeding can be appropriately reduced. In principle, there should be no leftover bait, and no feeding before the medicated bath.

1. Breeding facilities

It includes fish farming workshop, breeding pond, oxygenation, temperature control, light adjustment, water inlet and outlet, water treatment facilities and analytical laboratory. The fish farming workshop should be built in the coastal section with good water quality, no pollution and seawater wells. The workshop should be kept quiet and have good thermal insulation performance. The fish pond area should be 30 to 60 square meters, and the average pond depth should be about 80 centimeters.

(II) Environmental conditions

The main physical and chemical factors of water quality should meet the following requirements:

1. Water quality: There is no pollution source on the sea surface near the breeding area, no mud, little sand, clear water quality, and it meets the national fishery secondary water quality standard (you can consult the local fishery administrative department). The well water quality is excellent, does not contain any sediment and dirt, the water quality is transparent and clear, does not contain harmful heavy metal ions, sulfide does not exceed 0.02mg/L, the total number of E. coli is less than 5000/L, and the salinity is above 20. In order to test the quality of well water, you can first use a small amount of fry for trial breeding, and then carry out breeding production when the fry are normal.

2. Lighting: Turbot is a bottom-dwelling fish, so the light should not be too strong, 500-1500 Lux is appropriate. The light should be uniform, soft, not glaring, and comfortable. The lighting rhythm should be the same as natural light.

3. Water temperature: Turbot is a cold-water fish that tolerates a temperature range of 3 to 23°C. The suitable temperature for breeding is 10 to 20°C. It grows faster at a water temperature of 14 to 19°C. The best water temperature for breeding is 15 to 18°C.

4. Salinity: Turbot farming can adapt to a wide range of salinity, with a tolerant salinity range of 12 to 40, a suitable salinity range of 20 to 32, and an optimal salinity range of 25 to 30. It is recommended to farm under the most suitable salinity conditions.

5. pH: The pH of aquaculture water should be higher than 7.3, preferably maintained between 7.6 and 8.2. 6. Dissolved oxygen: greater than 6 mg/L.

(III) Selection of fry

1. Purchasing fry is the most important step in production. You should choose fry that is more than 5 cm long. Before purchasing fry, you should inspect the parent fish germplasm, fry quality and technical level of the nursery. You must purchase from a national-level breeding farm or a government-designated nursery. The fry must be complete in shape, without injury, disability, deformity or albinism. The specifications of the same batch of fry are neat, with both eyes located on the left side of the body. The side with eyes is bluish-brown with dotted melanin, and the side without eyes is smooth and white. The surface of the fry is bright and smooth, without scars, darkening or redness, strong in mobility, neat gill filaments, and no inflammation or parasites.

2. Transport of seedlings: Before transporting seedlings, stop feeding and cool down the fish in advance. Generally, nylon bags are used for oxygenated transportation, and the transportation time should be within 20 hours. First, add about 1/3 of sand-filtered seawater into the bag, count the fry, put them into the bag, oxygenate, seal, and then put them into foam boxes or cartons for transportation. A 10-liter packaging bag can hold 50 to 100 fry with a total length of 5 to 10 cm per bag; for fry with a total length of 15 cm, each bag can hold 30 to 50 fry. During the transportation of fry, try to avoid fish injuries, collisions, bag breaks, air leaks, water leaks, lack of oxygen, etc. When the water temperature is high or the transportation distance is long, a small amount of ice cubes should be added to the transport bag to cool down and inhibit bacterial reproduction. Turbot

3. Pond entry conditions: The temperature difference of the fry in the pond should be controlled within 1-2°C, and the salinity difference should be within 5 degrees Celsius. This can reduce the stress response of the fry due to environmental changes.

(IV) Fish stocking

1. Place the skin width and stocking density properly:

2. Control and adjust the stocking density: In actual production, the stocking density should be adjusted as necessary according to the exchange volume of pond water and the growth of fry. The following factors should be considered when controlling the stocking density:

(1) When the pool water exchange volume is less than 6 scales per day, the density should be appropriately reduced; when the exchange volume is more than 10 scales per day, the density can be increased as appropriate; the density can also be increased or decreased based on the amount of dissolved oxygen in the monitored water body;

(2) Sample and weigh the fish every month to decide whether to adjust the density;

(3) Make full use of the breeding area. The growth rate of fish in some breeding ponds should not be reduced due to overstocking, nor should the breeding area be wasted due to understocking.

(4) To prevent excessive pond division operations from causing stress reactions and affecting fish growth, adequate planning must be done before each pond division and pond emptying to ensure that the stocked fish remain stable in one pond for at least a period of time before pond division operations are carried out.

1. Introduction to turbot

【Fish attributes】

Turbot, also known as butterfly fish, belongs to the fish taxonomy

Bony fish (Osteichthyes),

Pleuronectiformes,

Pleuronectomidae,

Bothidae,

Scophthalmus,

English name turbot,

Transliteration name (also trade name) "Turbot",

Latin name Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus).

【country of origin】

Turbot is native to the northern Atlantic Ocean in France, the United Kingdom and other European countries.

【Physical characteristics】

Turbot is a bottom-dwelling cold-water fish.

Its body is flat and nearly round, with both eyes located on the left side. The side with the eye is bluish-brown with a small amount of skin spines; the side without the eye is smooth and white. The dorsal and anal fins have no hard parts and are relatively long. The head and caudal fin are relatively small, the middle part of the body is thick, the internal organs are small, the meat yield is high, and the edible part of the whole body is more than that of similar fish.

【Economic Value】

Turbot is a precious fish with many very attractive advantages: docile character, beautiful body, thick and tender muscles, few bone spurs, small internal organs, high meat yield, rich gelatin on the fins, smooth and moist taste, similar to the skirt of turtle and the flavor of sea cucumber, high nutritional value, ideal health and beauty food. Its young fish are colorful and gorgeous, with the reputation of "the meat tastes like cold water fish, but the body is like tropical fish". Therefore, in addition to being edible, it can also be used as an ornamental fish.

Turbot is a valuable economic fish species in Europe. It adapts to low water temperature environment, grows fast, has strong resistance to adversity, has tender meat, fine skin, rich gelatin and unique taste, and is deeply loved by farmers and consumers. Since it was introduced to my country in 1992, aquatic experts have created a factory-based breeding model of "greenhouse + deep well seawater" that is in line with my country's national conditions. The breeding technology is very mature and has rapidly developed into a characteristic industry in the northern coastal areas of my country. The annual output of breeding is nearly 50,000 tons, and the annual total output value exceeds 4 billion yuan, becoming a pillar industry of marine aquaculture in northern my country.

However, due to the short development time of the industry and the uneven quality of practitioners, there are currently prominent problems such as the increase in aquaculture diseases, irregular use of drugs, and even a few units abusing banned drugs, which has led to the phenomenon of substandard commercial fish being put on the market. The quality and safety problems caused by excessive drug residues in aquatic products have become a bottleneck restricting the production and sales of turbot. In order to fundamentally solve this problem, we have proposed a technical guide for healthy turbot farming based on the latest scientific research results, aiming to help farmers achieve healthy farming, use less or no drugs, stay away from dependence on drugs in the production process, and cultivate qualified and marketable turbot products.

2. Turbot farming information

1. Breeding facilities

It includes fish farming workshop, breeding pond, oxygenation, temperature control, light adjustment, water inlet and outlet, water treatment facilities and analytical laboratory. The fish farming workshop should be built in the coastal section with good water quality, no pollution and seawater wells. The workshop should be kept quiet and have good thermal insulation performance. The area of ​​the fish pond should be 30 to 60 square meters, and the average pond depth should be about 80 centimeters. (II) Environmental conditions

The main physical and chemical factors of water quality should meet the following requirements:

1. Water quality:

There is no pollution source on the sea surface near the breeding area, no mud, little sand, clear water quality, and it meets the national fishery secondary water quality standard (you can consult the local fishery administrative department). The well water quality is excellent, does not contain any sediment and dirt, the water quality is transparent and clear, does not contain harmful heavy metal ions, sulfide does not exceed 0.02mg/L, the total number of E. coli is less than 5000/L, and the salinity is above 20. In order to test the quality of well water, you can first use a small amount of fry for trial breeding, and then carry out breeding production when the fry are normal.

2. Lighting:

Turbot is a bottom-dwelling fish, so the light should not be too strong, 500-1500 Lux is appropriate. The light should be uniform, soft, not glaring, and comfortable. The light rhythm should be the same as natural light.

3. Water temperature:

Turbot is a cold-water fish that tolerates a temperature range of 3~23℃. The suitable temperature for breeding is 10~20℃. It grows faster in water temperatures of 14~19℃. The best water temperature for breeding is 15~18℃.

4. Salinity:

Turbot farming can adapt to a wide range of salinity, with a tolerant salinity range of 12 to 40, a suitable salinity range of 20 to 32, and an optimal salinity range of 25 to 30. It is recommended to farm under the most suitable salinity conditions.

5. pH: The pH of aquaculture water should be higher than 7.3, preferably maintained between 7.6 and 8.2. 6. Dissolved oxygen: greater than 6 mg/L.

(III) Water quality management

1. Aquaculture water management

The main breeding model of turbot is the "greenhouse + deep well seawater" factory breeding model. The quality of deep well seawater directly affects and determines the quality of commercial fish. Therefore, it is very important to choose a suitable seawater well. The wells dug in the reef bank fracture zone are vertically buried at a depth of 80 to 120 meters. The water is clear and does not contain particulate matter. The water chemistry is very close to that of natural seawater and meets the water quality standards for marine aquaculture. The annual water temperature is 11 to 15 degrees Celsius, which can be regarded as a high-quality well water source.

2. The water quality of other coastal seawater wells is as follows:

(1) Wells drilled in the silt sandy bank

Wells drilled in the silt sand shore zone (such as Laizhou, Shandong) are 18 to 22 meters deep, with clear water and basically no particles. The annual water temperature ranges from 14 to 18°C. Wells drilled in the coarse sand shore zone: For example, wells drilled in the coarse sand shore zone in Haiyang are about 10 meters deep. The water clarity and water temperature are greatly affected by wind and tides, and sometimes contain more microparticles (fine sand). The annual water temperature range is large (8 to 23°C), and the salinity is close to natural seawater.

(2) Wells drilled in the silt sand belt and brine area

Wells dug in the silt sand belt and brine area in Changyi, Shandong and Tangshan, Hebei are 100 to 1,000 meters deep. Freshwater wells and brine wells can be dug in the same area and mixed as needed. The annual water temperature ranges from 14 to 16 degrees Celsius. The water source for turbot farming can be different, but the water quality must be pollution-free.

(3) Extracted natural seawater and well water

qitahuuinAccording to the specific conditions of the water source, necessary sedimentation, filtration, disinfection (ultraviolet or ozone), aeration and other measures can be carried out before the water is used in the pool. In particular, the underground well water has a low oxygen content (the lowest is only 0.2-0.5 mg/L), and it must be fully aerated to make the dissolved oxygen content at the water inlet reach 5-7 mg/L before use in the pool. One air stone is placed in the pool for every 3-4 square meters, and continuous auxiliary aeration or pure oxygen (liquid oxygen) is added to maintain the dissolved oxygen level in the fish pond above 6 mg/L, and the dissolved oxygen at the outlet can still reach 5 mg/L.

(4) The aeration devices commonly used in factory aquaculture at present mainly include impeller aerators and oxygen-enriched generators. The former is mainly used for aeration before entering the pond, and the latter is mainly used for aeration before entering the pond. Now many manufacturers use liquid oxygen, which has a good effect on fish farming and can double the density and yield.

After seawater and underground well water enter the pond, the water temperature, pH, and salinity of the culture water should be adjusted according to the environmental conditions required by turbot, and a good flow environment should be created in the pond. The culture water depth is generally controlled at 40 to 60 cm, and the daily water change volume is 5 to 10 times that of the culture water body, and is adjusted according to the culture density and water supply. Clean the bottom 1 to 2 times a day, and remove dirt on the bottom and wall of the culture pond in time to keep the water clean and away from pollution.

2. Daily water quality management

(1) Monitoring water quality factors

During the cultivation period, instruments and equipment should be equipped to regularly test the water quality, and samples should be taken daily to test the temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, sulfide content, ammonia nitrogen concentration, etc. of the aquaculture water. Pay attention to changes in the color and taste of the water quality.

(2) Water quality regulation

It is mainly controlled by adjusting the water exchange volume. Generally, the water exchange volume is maintained at 5 to 10 scales/day, and the specific water exchange volume should be comprehensively considered according to factors such as aquaculture density, water temperature and water supply. When the water temperature exceeds 20°C, the exchange volume should be increased. When the water temperature is above 22°C for a long time, cooling measures should be taken to prevent turbot from high temperature reaction and congestion and death.

(3) Timely cleaning of pollution

After each feeding, the sewage pipe outside the pool can be pulled up, and the residual bait, feces and other dirt accumulated at the bottom of the pool will be discharged out of the pool with the rapidly falling water level and the high-speed rotating water flow. At the same time, the dirt adhering to the pool wall, inflation tube and air stone should be cleaned, and the dead fish should be fished out. The dead fish should be buried or incinerated. Buckets, fishing nets and other tools should be disinfected with bleaching powder and kept in reserve, so that the tools are equipped with pools and used for specific pools.

(4) Insist on pouring the pool

To ensure cleanliness inside and outside the pond, the fish pond should be emptied regularly or irregularly. When individual differences are obvious and sorting is needed, or the density is increasing, the pond is aging, or when health hazards are found inside and outside the pond, the pond should be emptied in time for disinfection, washing, etc.

(5) Other daily operations and precautions

In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases during high temperature periods, cooling measures should be taken. In case of short-term high temperatures, seawater disinfection can be strengthened, flow can be increased, feeding amount can be appropriately reduced, and the nutritional and vitamin levels of feed can be increased.

The special tools equipped in each culture pond must be strictly disinfected before and after use. The staff must disinfect the tools, water boots, hands and feet used when entering and leaving the workshop and before entering the pool. After the end of each day's work, the outer pool wall and walkways of the workshop must be disinfected. During the day, the workshop should be inspected frequently to check whether there are any abnormalities in the air, water, temperature and fry. Sick fish with black body color, abnormal activities, bleeding and ulcer symptoms should be promptly removed and burned and buried. There should also be a dedicated person on duty at night to inspect the fish ponds and equipment. Summarize the work of the day every night and list the work content of the next day. Measure growth once a month, count the amount of feed and survival rate, convert feed conversion rate, and comprehensively analyze the culture effect.

4. Growth and survival rate of farmed turbot

The growth rate and breeding effect of turbot are closely related to the quality of seedlings, water temperature, stocking density, water change rate, feeding method, feed used and feeding method, and no any one of them can be ignored.

When the water temperature is below 7℃ or above 22℃, the growth of turbot will slow down or stop.

When the water temperature is in the range of 10 to 22°C, the growth rate increases as the water temperature rises.

Under the same conditions,

(1) The higher the stocking density, the slower the growth; the higher the water change rate, the faster the growth rate; the nutritional balance of feed and high conversion rate are conducive to growth;

(2) The suitable temperature period is long and the growth rate is relatively fast. Under good feeding conditions, before the body weight reaches 100 grams, the body length of turbot grows slowly, but the daily weight gain rate is fast; after the body weight reaches 100 grams, the weight growth rate accelerates significantly.

The average daily weight gain rate of turbot within 2 years of farming is 4.82 grams/day, and can reach a maximum of 18 grams/day. The average daily growth rate in the first year is about 2.23 grams/day, and the average daily growth rate in the second year can reach 6.84 grams/day.

5. Disease prevention and control

1. Observation and testing

Regularly observe the feeding, swimming, growth and development of farmed fish with the naked eye, promptly find sick and dead fish, remove sick and dead fish for dissection and microscopic analysis, analyze the causes, and record them. Sick and dead fish should be burned and buried.

2. Principles of prevention and treatment

We should adhere to the principle of prevention first and adopt comprehensive measures such as light control, temperature adjustment, water quality treatment, use of safe disinfectants, and increased water flow to prevent and control the disease.

3. Water requirements

Turbot has very high requirements for water quality. The water must be changed every day and the water temperature must be maintained below 20℃. It is understood that in order to ensure the water quality, some small fish farms in other provinces and cities constantly extract groundwater for replacement. Due to excessive and excessive extraction, groundwater has gradually dried up in recent years. The fish farms have no choice but to reduce the number of water changes, which makes turbots prone to disease.

Source: Baidu Library

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