CATDOLL : CATDOLL: How to distinguish the quality of electrical wires when purchasing them for home decoration?

How to distinguish the quality when purchasing electrical wires for home decoration?

First, check whether there is a quality system certification; check whether the certificate of conformity is standardized; check whether there is a factory name, address, inspection stamp, and production date; check whether the trademark, specifications, voltage, etc. are printed on the wire. Also check the cross section of the copper core of the wire. The color of the high-quality copper is bright and soft, otherwise it is a defective product.

Second, you need to try. You can take a wire end and bend it repeatedly by hand. Those that feel soft, have good fatigue resistance, have a high elasticity of plastic or rubber, and have no cracks on the wire insulation are high-quality products.

What are the main ways to identify the quality of ginseng and antlers?

◆ Deer antler is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Most of the genuine products are the young antlers of male sika deer or red deer, which are not ossified and densely covered with velvet. As the resources are becoming increasingly scarce and the price is high, there are often phenomena such as using antlers of animals of the same family or genus as substitutes, mixing antlers of animals of the same family but different genera, using counterfeit products, and increasing weight for profit, which seriously deteriorates the quality. In addition, the current quality standards are not sound enough. For this reason, the author has expounded his own views for reference only.

◆Using horns of animals of the same family as substitutes The original animals of antlers listed in the 1987 edition of "Standards for Rare Chinese Medicinal Materials in Sichuan" are white deer, white-lipped deer and water deer of the Cervidae family. There are also reports that the rotten horns of hog deer, Hainan Eld's deer, Beijing deer and other animals are used as antlers. These antlers are closely related, and it is difficult to identify unformed young horns, segments or medicinal pieces. Only preliminary judgments can be made based on the fur color, cross-sectional characteristics, etc., and it is impossible to determine the species. Even if it is a complete medicinal material, it is difficult to determine the species without certain level and information.

Considering resources, local usage habits, etc., substitution can be considered to expand medicinal resources. ◆ Mixed use of horns of animals of the same family but different genera In addition to the horns of animals of the same family and genus mentioned above, there are horns of animals of the same family but different genera, such as moose, reindeer, roe deer antler, velvet antler (red deer), (small muntjac), velvet antler (elk), etc., which are mixed as velvet antlers. These horns are slightly more distantly related to velvet antlers, and the full-form horns are quite different. However, it is not easy to identify young horns after they are cut into pieces for medicinal purposes, so it is necessary to consider using microscopic and physical and chemical methods to identify them.

Whether it can replace deer antler as medicine requires more research and comparison. ◆ Imitation products 1. Refined deer antler slices There are three main types of imitation slices. One is made by adding appropriate auxiliary materials to the deer antler powder (including some fragments and crushed materials left over from processing) and processing and slicing, which has the ingredients and effects of deer antler; the other is made from deer antler powder, which is not really deer antler slices and cannot be used as deer antler slices; and the other is made from the waste residue extracted from the production of deer antler essence and other preparations, the active ingredients have been extracted, and it is ineffective and cannot be used as deer antler slices.

The three types of velvet antlers are all processed products, with no fur on the edge and no cancellous bone in the center. There are obvious signs of processing in the properties. Ligand and physical and chemical identification, mainly TLC and UV analysis. The above three situations and the difference with the real velvet antler slices can be determined. 2. Gel imitation products Various gelatinous substances are poured into the wrapping of some animal tail skin, limb skin, sheep horn, etc., or directly pressed into shape with a model, generally the original medicinal material of the whole branch.

The shape of this counterfeit is unnatural. When looking at its cross section, you can see the colloid-like substance without holes. Generally, the heating method is used to heat the colloid, and the hot melt condensation method can identify various colloids. It can also be combined with microscopic physical and chemical identification to identify the qualitative. 3. Products such as cement or asphalt are made in the same way as colloid imitations, and need to be identified by microscopy, physical and chemical (TLC and UV methods). 4. From other imitations, we found that many batches of blood antler slices are made of plant substances such as white peony, red peony, and ginseng. After slicing, they are coated with glue, and some are wrapped with fur on the outer ring.

It can also be identified by heating and boiling. After hot dissolution and degumming, the characteristics of plant tissue can be seen, and the outer skin will be scattered. ◆ Identification of red deer antler, spotted deer antler and reindeer antler Identification of spotted deer antler: round or nearly round, with a cut diameter of 1 to 5 cm; the outer surface is densely covered with reddish yellow or brown fine hairs (sometimes burn marks or sharp marks can be seen); the outer skin is reddish brown or brown, mostly smooth; the middle part is yellowish white, boneless, and densely covered with pores; the body is light, soft and elastic (sometimes small keratinous samples, i.e. waxy pieces, can be seen); the smell is slightly fishy and the taste is slightly salty.

Horse antler slices: round or quasi-round, with a cross section of 1 to 3 cm in diameter; the outer surface hairs are gray-brown or gray-yellow (sometimes with burn marks or scratches), with visible ridges and pimple-like protrusions; the outer skin is gray-black and thick; the middle part is gray-white or yellow-white with dense honeycomb-like holes; the smell is slightly salty. Reindeer antler slices: oblong or oblong, with a cross section of 1 to 5 cm in diameter on the long axis and 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter on the short axis; the surface hairs are gray-white, sparse, thick and long; the outer skin is gray-brown, with thick keratinization; the middle part is white or reddish brown, with obvious ossification circles from the outside to the inside, about 1/2 of the diameter, with honeycomb-like pores in the middle, sparse, hard, inelastic, and sometimes transparent; the smell is slight and the taste is light.

Physical and chemical identification Weigh 0.1g of flower antler, horse antler, and reindeer antler powder respectively, add 4ml of water, heat in a water bath for 15 minutes, cool and filter. Take 1ml of the filtrate, add 3 drops of 2% ninhydrin solution, shake well, heat and boil for several minutes and observe. The liquid of flower antler slices and horse antler slices is blue-purple; the liquid of reindeer antler slices is light blue. Take 1ml of the filtrate, add 2 drops of 10% NaOH, shake well, and add 0.

Observe with 5% CuSO4 solution. The test solution of flower antler slices and horse antler slices is blue-purple; the test solution of reindeer antler slices is light-colored. The results show that flower antler slices are authentic if they have a positive reaction in the genuine product test; reindeer antler slices are counterfeit if they have a negative reaction. Microscopic identification The microscopic characteristics of the velvet of flower antler slices, horse antler slices, and reindeer antler slices are compared as follows: Middle diameter: flower antler slices are 13-60mm; horse antler slices are 15-70mm; reindeer antler slices are 20-80mm.

Scale arrangement: Flower antler scales are mostly tile-like and rarely parallel; horse antler scales are parallel and mesh-like from the middle to the base; reindeer antler scales are mostly tile-like at the tip and rarely parallel. Medulla shape: Flower antler scales are mostly bead-like and rarely ladder-like; horse antler scales are mostly ladder-like and rarely bead-like; reindeer antler scales are mostly mesh-like, with beads visible at the tip. ◆ Gaining weight for profit The price of high-quality blood antler is high, and some drug dealers use the weight-increasing method to make a profit.

The common method is to soak it in salt water, sugar water, glue liquid, let it fully absorb, and sell it when it is slightly dry, so as to make money from the increased weight. When identifying, you should pay attention to observing the surface characteristics, whether the tongue licking taste is normal, etc. In short, there are many quality problems with deer antlers, which has led to a serious decline in the quality of products such as deer antler essence (oral liquid, injection), and most of the products on the market do not meet the regulations, which is extended to the poor quality of deer antlers, deer antler glue and cream, resulting in many quality problems of deer medicines.

However, the current quality standards for velvet antlers, deer horns and their products are not sound enough, some quality problems cannot be investigated and dealt with, and some quality aspects cannot be controlled. It is recommended to further improve the quality standards in the future, and try to set up physical and chemical identification items in qualitative terms, such as TLC and UV methods. In quantitative terms, the quality can also be controlled and graded by measuring ultraviolet absorbance, 50% alcohol extract, ether extract, inorganic matter and amino acid content, so as to further ensure the quality of velvet antlers.